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pathology resp/cardi
respiratory and cardiovascular
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what type of tube is inserted for a hemothorax | cvp (central venous pressure) |
| what is hypercapnia | inability to move air in and out of lungs |
| classification of cystic fibrosis | genetic defect |
| radiographic appearance of hyaline membrane disease | severe atelectasis with air bronchogram sign, characterized by bronchi surrounded by nonacrated alveoli |
| most common lethal genetic disease among caucasian children | cystic fibrosis |
| most common bacterial pneumonia | pneumococcal |
| type of pneumonia caused by influenza | staphylococcal |
| type of pneumonia that can mimic radiographic appearance of TB | mycoplasma |
| primary method of diagnosing pulmonary TB | chest x ray |
| what is empyema | accumulation of pus in pleural cavity |
| what is emphysema | increase in air space distal to terminal bronchioles with destruction of alveolar walls |
| most frequent type of lung infection | pneumonia |
| what is pleurisy | inflammation of the pleura with exadation into plural cavity and its surface |
| common causes of respiratory failure | obstructd airway, insufficient respiratory drive, respiratory muscle fatique, intriasic lung disease, dysfunction of cns |
| what is miliary TB | bloodstream picks up Tb and largest of bacteria are carried thru the bloodstream |
| most common pathologies associated with COPD | chronic bronchitis, emphysema |
| predominant risk factor for COPD | cigarettes |
| radiographic appearance of emphysema | depressed and flattened diaphragm, radiolucent lungs, increased air space (barrel shaped) |
| primary types of pneumoconiosis | silicosis (oldest; quartz dust, miners), anthracosis (black lung), asbestosis |
| what type of fungal infection is common for the Ohio and Mississippi River valleys | histopiasmosis |
| coin lesion | solitary radiopaque lung nodule, second most common radiographic presentation |
| prognosis for pt dx with bronchogenic carcinomas | 5 year survival rate of only 12% to 14% of those diagnosed |
| most common cause of pulmonary embolism | (DVT) thrombus originates in lower extremity that migrates to lungs and becomes lodged rusultin in blood supply obstruction |
| initial test for pulmonary embolus | pulminary angiograms, nuclear profusion and ventalation lung scans and CT(timesaving and cost effetive |
| common thrombolytic agents used for myocardial infarctions | streptokinasc, anistreplate, alteplase reteplase must be administered within 3 hours of onset |
| cardiac pathology responsible for more than 30% of all annual deaths in US and single most in males and females | CAD |
| most common cause of chronic heart valve disease | rheumatic fever |
| which valve is damaged when superior vena cava is enlarged along with rt. atrium and ventricle | tricuspid |
| radiographic appearance of left sided CHF | heart enlarged and hilar region of lungs congested with increased vascular markings |
| what is PTA | percutaneous transluminal angioplasy- open vessel for stent placement |
| most widely performed procedure in nuclear cardiology | myocardial perfusion scan |
| what study in nuclear cardiology evaluates ventricular function | gated cardiac blood pool scan ( radionucle ventriculogram) |
| what is angiography | procedure performed to evaluate cartiovascular disease. can be use for therapeutic and diagnostic |
| chamber of heart that houses SA node | (pacemaker of heart) upper portion of rt atrium near superior vena cave |
| what is QRS | displays electrical inpulses thru ventricles |
| what is the thickest layer of the heart | myocardium |
| different types and common sites of aneurysms | sacccular- one side of arterial wall; fusiform-enire circumference of vessel wall found in distal abdomen; dissecting- intima tears and allows blood to flow within vessel wall |
| tetralogy of fallot | classified as a cyanotic heart defect because the condition causes low oxygen levels in the blood that usually includes a combination of 4 defects: pulmonary stenosis, ventricle septal defects, overiding aorta, hypertrophy of right ventricle |
| largest chamber of the heart | left ventricle |
| what is patent ductus arteriosus | abnormal persistence of an open ductus arteriosus after birth, resulting in recirculation of arterial blood thru the lungs |
| radiographic appearance of coarctation of the aorta | two bulges of the aorta are demonstrated in the aortic arch region, one superior to and one inferior to the stenosis; rib notching- well defined bony erosions along the lower rib margins as a result of the enlargement of anastomotic vessels |
| indications for pt who are at risk for developing DVT | skin color, swelling, pain, warmth and tenderness in one leg |
| what is an acute thrombus of the coronary arteries called | myocardial infarction (MI) |
| vessels not commonly affected by atherosclerosis | femoral arteries |
| most prevalent diease in humans, especially in the US | atherosclerosis |
| most common congenital heart defect | atrial septal defects |
| radiographic appearance of transposition of great vessels | cxr narrow mediastinum because vessels are superiposed and main ulmunary trunk not in usual location; pulmonary congestion is visible in the lung fields |
| how is cardiomegaly diagnosed on PA CXR | enlarged heart |
| geometric factors that affect PA CXR | inspiration, position, sid |
| why are CXR done upright | permit deep inspiration, prevent engorgement of heart and great vessels and alllows diaphragm to be at lowest level |
| how does the rt ventricle lie with respect to the cardiac shadow, rt atrium and lt ventricle | midline to cardiac shadow and anterior to rt atrium and lt ventricle |
| what is the pulmonary circulation responsble for | transports blood between heart and lungs for exchange of blood gases |
| what is visceral and parietal pleura | visceral adheres to lung tissue parietal lines thoracic cavity |
| what paranasal sinuses are present at birth | maxillary and ethmoid |
| to decrease pt dose in cxr which technical factor can be increased | kvp |
| anatomic structures of the mediastinum | evertything except lungs; heart , thyroid and thymus glands, nervous and lymphatic tissue |
| most common complaint from radiologists when reading CXR | poor exposure techniques |
| chest projection/position that demonstrates pectus excavatum | lateral view |
| chest projection/position that demonstrates TB | apical lordotic |
| anatomic structure that is the "sail sign" radiographically | thymus gland |
| what occurs when there has been a disruption in the esophogus or airway and air is trapped in the mediastinum | mediastinal emphysema |
| modality preferred for imaging pulmonary adenopathy | CT |
| vitamin deficiency in infants by hyaline membrane disease | surfactant |
| reasons for swan-ganz catheter placement | diagnosis and management of heart failure resulting from myocardial infraction and cardiogenic shock |
| upper respiratory system consists of | nose, mouth , pharynx and larynx |
| lower respiratory system consists of | trachea, bronchi, alveoli and lungs |
| thoracic cavity consists of | pleural cavities, parietal pleura and visceral pleura |
| anterior mediastinum consist of | thyroid and thymus glands |
| middle mediastinum consists of | heart and great vessels, esophagus and trachea |
| posterior mediastinum consists of | decending aorta and spine |
| bony thorax consists of | ribs, sternum and thoracic vertebrae |
| paranasal sinuses consist of | frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid and maxillry |
| to decrease pt dose how do you adjust techniques for CR and DR | increase kvp |
| to decrease pt dose how do you adjust techniques for film screen | increase mas |
| what type of tube is inserted into pt trachea to manage airway | ET endotracheal tube |
| what type of tube is inserted into chest wall between ribs allowing for drainage of air or fluid | chest tube |
| what catheter is open to ouside of body with tip placed in SVC | hickman catheter |
| what is a port a cath | placed just under the skin just below the clavicle and are not open to the outside |
| what is hypoxemia | low oxygen levels with arterial blood |
| What is the primary measurement for diagnosing respiratory failure and severity of failure | arterial blood gases (ABGs) |
| what is the name of the skin test used to diagnose TB | mantoux test |
| what is pneumoconioses | occupational lung diseases |
| occlusions purposely put into veins and arteries | embolizations |
| abnormal connection between arteries and veins | AV malformation |
| what is TIPS transjugular intrahepatic portosystmic stent | connects the jugular vein to portal vein in cases of severe cirrhosisi |
| typical adult heartbeat | 72 beats per minute |
| how many liters does the adult typically pump per minute | 5.5 L |
| endocardium | smooth inside ling of heart |
| myocardium | middle and thickest layer of hert wall |
| pericardium | fibrous sac that encloses or surrounds the heart |
| septum | partition dividing the heart into rt and lt sides |
| upper chambers of the heart | right and left atrium |
| lower chambers of the heart | right and left ventricle |
| atrioventricular valves | permit blood to flow in only one direction |
| tricupid valve | between right atrium and right ventricle |
| bicuspid (mitral | between left atrium and left ventricle |
| semilumar valves | separate the ventricles for the great vessels leaving the heart |
| pulmonary valve | between the rt ventricle and pulmonary arery |
| aortic valve | seperates the aorta for the lt ventricle |
| systole | ventricles contract and force blood into the arteries |
| diastole | ventricles relax and the blood flows in from the atria |
| SA Node | pacemaker of heart locatd in the rt atrial wall near the SVC opening |
| AV Node | located on the rt lower portion of the atrium and receives the SA impulse |
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