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ETSU Psych Test 2
Question | Answer |
---|---|
Habituation | the process by which we respond less strongly over time to repeated stimuli |
sensitization | Responding more strongly over time |
British Associationism | all knowledge is learned by connecting one stimulus with another |
serendipity | accidental |
classical conditioning (Pavlovian or respondent) | form of learning in which animals come to respond to a previously neutral stimulus that had been paired with another stimulus that elicits an automatic response |
conditioned stimulus(CS) | initially neutral stimulus |
unconditioned stimulus(UCS) | stimulus that elicits an automatic response |
unconditioned response(UCR) | automatic response to a non-neutral stimulus that does not need to be learned |
conditioned response(CR) | response previously associated with a non-neutral stimuls that is elicited by a neutral stimulus through conditioning |
aversive conditioning | classical conditioning to an unpleasant UCS |
acquisition | learning phase during which a CS is established |
extinction | the CR disappears with the CS is presented without the UCS |
spontaneous recovery | sudden reemergence of an extinct CR |
stimulus generalization | when one associates a CS with a similar stimulus |
stimulus discrimination | determining what is a real CS and what is not |
higher-order conditioning | developing CR to a CS by its association with another CS |
latent inhibition | when a CS is experience alone many times, its difficult to classically condition it to another stimulus |
fetish | sexual attraction to non-living things |
pseudoconditioning | an apparent CR that is actually an UCR to the CS |
law of effect | behavior followed by satisfying stimulus increases the bod between stimulus and response |
reinforcement | outcomes of a behavior that strengthen the probability of the same behavior occurring again |
positive reinforcement | pleasant stimulus is given (money for good grades) |
negative reinforcement | unpleasent stimulus is removed (mom stops nagging after clean room) |
punishment | outcome of a behavior reduces the likelihood that a behavior will occur again |
positive punishment | unpleasant stimulus is given (spanking) |
negative punishment | pleasant stimulus is taken away (money taken away for bad grades) |
discriminant stimulus (Sd) | stimulus associated with the presence of reinforcement |
partial reinforcement | only occasional reinforcement of a behavior, resulting in slower extinction |
schedule of reinforcement | pattern of reinforcing a behavior |
fixed ratio schedule | provide reinforcement following regular number of responses |
fixed interval | provide reinforcement at least once after time has passed |
variable ratio schedule | number of responses is on average |
variable interval schedule | time interval is on average |
shaping by successive approximations | conditioning a target behavior by reinforcement as they come closer and closer to the target |
Premack principal | reward for doing the mundane or things not liked |
token economies | trade a token for something nice |
secondary reinforcers | tokens |
primary reinforcers | pleasurable item |
mirror neurons | cells in prefrontal cortex that become active when an animal performs and observes an action |
memory | The retention of information over time |
suggestive memory techniques | procedures that strongly encourage patients to recall memories |
memory illusion | false by subjectively compelling memory |
span | how much memory a system can hold |
duration | time it takes to retain information |
sensory memory | brief storage of perceptual memory before it is passed to short term memory |
iconic memory | visual sensory memory |
short term memory | transforms sensory memory into something meaningful for long term memory.retains info for short period |
long term memory | allows us to retrieve information minutes, days, up to a lifetime of time |
retroactive inhibition | old memories are harder to remember because of new ones |
maintenance rehearsal | reciting info in the original form |
elaborate rehearsal | elaborate on retrieval linking to something else |
primacy effect | remembering things from the beginning of a list |
recency effect | remembering things from the end of a list |
vonRestorff effect | remembering unique things from a list |
serial position curve | graph of the ability to recall a list |
semantic memory | our knowledge of facts about the world |
episodic memory | recollection of events in our lives |
explicit memory | memories we recall intentionally and are conscious awareness of them |
implicit memory | memories dont deliberately remember |
procedural memory | memory for how to do things |
priming | identifying a stimulus with a similar |
encoding | process of getting info in database |
mnemonic | a learning aid that enhances recall |
schema | mental model stored in memory |
recall | generating previously remembered info |
recognition | selection of remembered info from an array of option |
relearning | relearning |
IQ(intelligence quotient) | way of measure intelligence and comparing to others |
Intelligence test | a diagnostic tool designed to measure overall thinking ability |
abstract thinking | the capacity to understand hypothetical concepts |
g-general intelligence | hypothetical factor that accounts of overall difference in intelligence compared to other people |
s-specific abilities | specific ability level to do something |
fluid intelligence | learn new ways to solve problems |
crystallized intelligence | accumulated knowledge of the world over time |
multiple intelligences | the idea that there isn't one intelligence, different people are intelligent in different ways |
triarchic model | model of 3 different types of intelligence: analytical,practical and creative |
analytical intelligence | the ability to reason logically |
practical intelligence | the ability to solve real world problems |
creative intelligence | ability to come up with novel and effective answers |