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ETSU Psych Test 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Habituation | the process by which we respond less strongly over time to repeated stimuli |
| sensitization | Responding more strongly over time |
| British Associationism | all knowledge is learned by connecting one stimulus with another |
| serendipity | accidental |
| classical conditioning (Pavlovian or respondent) | form of learning in which animals come to respond to a previously neutral stimulus that had been paired with another stimulus that elicits an automatic response |
| conditioned stimulus(CS) | initially neutral stimulus |
| unconditioned stimulus(UCS) | stimulus that elicits an automatic response |
| unconditioned response(UCR) | automatic response to a non-neutral stimulus that does not need to be learned |
| conditioned response(CR) | response previously associated with a non-neutral stimuls that is elicited by a neutral stimulus through conditioning |
| aversive conditioning | classical conditioning to an unpleasant UCS |
| acquisition | learning phase during which a CS is established |
| extinction | the CR disappears with the CS is presented without the UCS |
| spontaneous recovery | sudden reemergence of an extinct CR |
| stimulus generalization | when one associates a CS with a similar stimulus |
| stimulus discrimination | determining what is a real CS and what is not |
| higher-order conditioning | developing CR to a CS by its association with another CS |
| latent inhibition | when a CS is experience alone many times, its difficult to classically condition it to another stimulus |
| fetish | sexual attraction to non-living things |
| pseudoconditioning | an apparent CR that is actually an UCR to the CS |
| law of effect | behavior followed by satisfying stimulus increases the bod between stimulus and response |
| reinforcement | outcomes of a behavior that strengthen the probability of the same behavior occurring again |
| positive reinforcement | pleasant stimulus is given (money for good grades) |
| negative reinforcement | unpleasent stimulus is removed (mom stops nagging after clean room) |
| punishment | outcome of a behavior reduces the likelihood that a behavior will occur again |
| positive punishment | unpleasant stimulus is given (spanking) |
| negative punishment | pleasant stimulus is taken away (money taken away for bad grades) |
| discriminant stimulus (Sd) | stimulus associated with the presence of reinforcement |
| partial reinforcement | only occasional reinforcement of a behavior, resulting in slower extinction |
| schedule of reinforcement | pattern of reinforcing a behavior |
| fixed ratio schedule | provide reinforcement following regular number of responses |
| fixed interval | provide reinforcement at least once after time has passed |
| variable ratio schedule | number of responses is on average |
| variable interval schedule | time interval is on average |
| shaping by successive approximations | conditioning a target behavior by reinforcement as they come closer and closer to the target |
| Premack principal | reward for doing the mundane or things not liked |
| token economies | trade a token for something nice |
| secondary reinforcers | tokens |
| primary reinforcers | pleasurable item |
| mirror neurons | cells in prefrontal cortex that become active when an animal performs and observes an action |
| memory | The retention of information over time |
| suggestive memory techniques | procedures that strongly encourage patients to recall memories |
| memory illusion | false by subjectively compelling memory |
| span | how much memory a system can hold |
| duration | time it takes to retain information |
| sensory memory | brief storage of perceptual memory before it is passed to short term memory |
| iconic memory | visual sensory memory |
| short term memory | transforms sensory memory into something meaningful for long term memory.retains info for short period |
| long term memory | allows us to retrieve information minutes, days, up to a lifetime of time |
| retroactive inhibition | old memories are harder to remember because of new ones |
| maintenance rehearsal | reciting info in the original form |
| elaborate rehearsal | elaborate on retrieval linking to something else |
| primacy effect | remembering things from the beginning of a list |
| recency effect | remembering things from the end of a list |
| vonRestorff effect | remembering unique things from a list |
| serial position curve | graph of the ability to recall a list |
| semantic memory | our knowledge of facts about the world |
| episodic memory | recollection of events in our lives |
| explicit memory | memories we recall intentionally and are conscious awareness of them |
| implicit memory | memories dont deliberately remember |
| procedural memory | memory for how to do things |
| priming | identifying a stimulus with a similar |
| encoding | process of getting info in database |
| mnemonic | a learning aid that enhances recall |
| schema | mental model stored in memory |
| recall | generating previously remembered info |
| recognition | selection of remembered info from an array of option |
| relearning | relearning |
| IQ(intelligence quotient) | way of measure intelligence and comparing to others |
| Intelligence test | a diagnostic tool designed to measure overall thinking ability |
| abstract thinking | the capacity to understand hypothetical concepts |
| g-general intelligence | hypothetical factor that accounts of overall difference in intelligence compared to other people |
| s-specific abilities | specific ability level to do something |
| fluid intelligence | learn new ways to solve problems |
| crystallized intelligence | accumulated knowledge of the world over time |
| multiple intelligences | the idea that there isn't one intelligence, different people are intelligent in different ways |
| triarchic model | model of 3 different types of intelligence: analytical,practical and creative |
| analytical intelligence | the ability to reason logically |
| practical intelligence | the ability to solve real world problems |
| creative intelligence | ability to come up with novel and effective answers |
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