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Psychology Test #1
chapters 1-4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What subjects did psychology originate from? | Philosophy and Biology |
| What was the primary focus of psychology in the 1920's to 1960's? | Observed behavior, humanistic psychology, the need for love and acceptance |
| What was the primary focus of psychology in the 1960's and beyond? | mental processes, cognitive psychology, perceptions/thoughts/feelings |
| What 3 components does the scientific attitude consist of? | Curiosity: passion for exploring Skepticism: doubting and questioning Humility: an awareness of vulnerability to error and openness to new perspectives |
| What is critical thinking? | Not accepting arguments and confusions blindly. Examining assumptions, discerning hidden values, evaluating evidence and assessing conclusions. |
| How do psychologists ask and answer questions? | Theory: explanation that integrates principles, organizes and predicts behavior or events Hypothesis: testable prediction Research: confirm, reject, revise |
| What is a case study? | An observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles |
| Where does most thinking happen? | Prefrontal cortex |
| What is a survey? | a technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes, opinions, and behavior of people as a whole |
| What is random sampling? | Each member of a population has an equal opportunity to be surveyed |
| How does wording affect a survey? | Wording can change the results of a survey. Don't double barrel. Make detailed questions that have a clear understanding to all people. |
| What is naturalistic observation? | Observing and recording |
| What is correlation coefficient? | A statistical measure of the relationship between two variables |
| Correlation does not mean __________? | causation, due to lurking variables |
| An experiment is a systematic study that ________? | manipulates independent variables, controls other factors, measured dependent variable to see if it changes |
| What does random assignment do? | minimizes pre-existing differences between groups, will balance out each group, and remove lurking variables |
| What are the different types of research methods? | descriptive method (no control of variables), correlational method (does not specify cause and effect), and experimental method (results can lead to other questions) |
| What are the measures of central tendency? | Mode, median, and mean |
| What are the measures of variation? | Range and standard deviation |
| When is an observed difference reliable? | When there are more cases, when there are less variable observations, and when there are representative samples |
| When is a difference significant? | when sample average are reliable and differences are large, probably not due to chance variation |
| Neuron | Basic building blocks of the brain |
| Dendrites | Receives messages from the cells |
| Axon | passes messages away form the cell body to other neurons |
| Myelin sheath | insulation for neuron travel in axon |
| What are the two types of signals? | electrical signals (due to ions) chemical signals (due to neurotransmitters) |
| what is the pattern for signal alternation? | Electrical, chemical, electrical, chemical |
| Examples of neurotransmitters | acetylcholine, dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine |
| How do drugs affect the brain? | neurotransmitter- normal flow agonist- mimics neurotransmitter antagonist- blocks neurotransmitter |
| What does the nervous system consist of? | CNS- central nervous system PNS- Peripheral nervous system |
| Nerves | part of the PNS, contains many axons, connects muscles, glands and sense organs in CNS |
| What does the peripheral nervous system branch off into? | somatic and automatic autosomatic-> parasympathetic(calming) and sympathetic(arousing) |
| Brain imagery | detects active parts of the brain, determines when brain is active, determines the functions of the brain |
| Electroencephalography (EEG) | Observing brain waves during thought process |
| Parts of brain stem | medulla, reticular formation, thalamus, cerebellum, limbic system, amygdala, and hypothalamus |
| Frontal lobe | forehead-> sensory cortex=senses |
| Occipital lobe | back->motor cortex=movement |
| Temporal lobe | side->auditory cortex=hearing |
| Parietal lobe | top to rear->visual cortex=images |
| Medulla | controls heart beat and breathing, located where spinal cord and brain meet |
| Reticular formation | role in controlling arousal |
| Thalamus | directs messages to sensory areas in cortex, 5 senses except smell |
| Cerebellum | helps coordinate voluntary movements and balance |
| Limbic system | associated fear, aggression, drives for food and sex |
| Amygdala | linked to fear and anger |
| Hypothalamus | directs eating, drinking, body temperature, and control of emotions |
| Plasticity | The brains ability to modify itself, can be due to trauma |
| Corpus callosum | wide band of axon fibers connecting cerebral hemispheres |
| Left hemisphere | linguistics, mathematics, comprehension skills |
| Right hemisphere | visual perception, recognition of emotion |
| Forms of consciousness | daydreaming, drowsiness, dreaming, hallucinations, orgasm, food or oxygen starvation, meditation, and hypnosis |
| Which forms of consciousness are spontaneous? | daydreaming, drowsiness, and dreaming |
| Which forms of consciousness are physiologically induced? | hallucinations, orgasm, and food or oxygen starvation |
| which forms of consciousness are psychologically induced? | meditation and hypnosis |
| Examples of dual processing | conscious and deliberate, unconscious and automatic, rudeness vs. politeness, acheivement vs. control etc... |
| Selective attention | awareness focuses on only a limited aspect of all that we experience |
| steps of circadian rhythms | light triggers the suprachiasmatic nucleus melatonin is produced at night and suppresses during the daytime, controls sleep patterns body temperature goes down at night and rises in the day |
| sleep stages 1-2 | theta waves: brain enters a high amplitude, slow, regular wave form, majority of sleep is in stage 2 |
| sleep stages 3-4 | delta waves: deep stages of sleep, brain activity slows down, large amplitude waves |
| sleep stage 5 | beta waves: REM sleep, brain engages in low-amplitude, fast, and regular waves, dreams occur, enter this stage after an hour of sleep, much activity in brain but body is paralyzed |
| What happens when someone is sleep deprived? | impairs concentration, emotional irritability, depressed immune system, and vulnerability to accidents |
| sleep stages | change about every 90 min., pass through a cycle of 5 distinct sleep stages |
| why sleep is important theories | protects, recover, remember, creative thinking, and growth process |
| what do we dream about? | negative emotional content, failure dreams, and sexual dreams |
| why do we dream? | wish fulfillment, information processing, information function, activation-synthesis theory, and cognitive development |
| REM rebound | if deprived from REM sleep then allowed sleep produces longer periods of sleep in the REM stage |
| tolerance | drugs effect lessons, greater amount is taken |
| addiction | craving for a drug despite its adverse consequences |
| withdrawal | experiencing undesirable effects upon quitting drug use |
| dependence | physical dependence and psychological dependence |
| addiction misconceptions | addictive drugs quickly corrupt addiction cannot be overcome voluntarily addiction is no different than repetitive pleasure-seeking behaviors such as gambling |
| psychoactive drugs | depressants- alcohol, opiates, barbiturates stimulants- caffeine, nicotine, cocaine hallucinogens- LSD, marijuana |
| what do depressants do? | they reduce neural activity and slow body functions |
| what do stimulants do? | they excite neural activity and speed up body functions |
| what do hallucinogens do? | they distort perceptions and evoke sensory images |
| chromosomes | located in nucleus contain DNA segments within DNA consist of genes |
| genome | set of complete instructions for making an organism |
| what influences cause drug use? | biological influences(genetic tendencies, dopamine reward circuit), psychological influences(lacking sense of purpose, stress, psychological disorders), social-cultural influences(urban environment, peer influences, belonging to drug-using) |
| norms | rules for accepted and expected behavior |
| parenting influences children's _________? | attitudes/values manners/beliefs faith/politics |
| collectivist | identity from belonging, maintain social connections, fit in and perform one's role |
| individualist | indentity in terms of personal traits and strive for personal control, individual achievement |
| how does personal development develop? | through biological influences, psychological influences, and social-cultural influences |
| mating preferences | females look for maturity, dominance, and affluence while males look for youthful appearing females |
| temperament | person's emotional excitability, stable over time |
| What are the basic concepts of behavior genetics? | heredity shared environment unshared environment |
| What is the great problem? | both heredity and environment are explanations for similarity |
Created by:
UniQu3
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