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Rads 1110 #1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What 3 things can film badges be affected by? | Heat, humidity, and mechanical pressure |
| Name 3 kinds of field survey instruments? | Geiger-muller, Sintilator, and ionization chamber |
| How far can beta particles travel in the air? | 10-100 cm |
| Somatic effects may be evident in? | irradiated individuals |
| What is a Rad? | absorbed dose, grey |
| Name 2 principle types of particulate radioation that are associated with radioactive decay? | Alpha and beta |
| Describe 3 properties of alpha particles? | Large, heavy, slow moving, don't travel far, + charged, increased mass |
| What is teh radiation weighting factor for x-ray or gamma radiation? | one |
| Which field survey instument only detects the presence of radiation? | Geiger-mueller |
| For x-rays and gamma rays what is the approximate percentage of biological effects on tissues that are the result of indirect actions? | 2/3 66.7% |
| Define a gray? | SI unit if a Rad |
| X-ray interaction with matter involves the transfer of energy from _____ to ______? | photon to matter |
| Name 3 biological effects of ionizing radiation? | Cancer, life span shortening, developmental abnormalities |
| List the factors that influence the effect of exposure to ionizing radiation? | Total dose, type of radiation, and cell sensitivity |
| What does an alpha particle contain? | 2 protons, 2 nuetrons |
| How far can alpha particles travel in air? | 5 cm |
| Scintillators emit what when exposed to ionizng radiation? | light |
| 1 rad is = to? | 0.01 gray (10 mgray) |
| The monthly equivalent dose limit for an embryo should not exceed? | 0.05 rem |
| Biological damage from x-rays and gamma rays is the result of what types of interactions? | direct or indirect |
| Name 3 types of personnel monitoring devices? | pocket badge, film badge, TLD, OSL |
| X-ray and gamma rays are what type of radioation? | Particulate or elctromagnetic |
| What are 2 types of ionizing radiation? | x-ray and gamma |
| Define a roentgan? | quantity or x-ray (in air) |
| Indirect interactions of matter with photon energy involves the absorption of radiation within what type of molecule? | water |
| Define effective dose? | Sum of weighted equivilent dose for all irradiated tissue or organs |
| An ionization chamber works on the principle of? | radiation interacts with air electrons. Positive ions are produced giving off an electrical charge |
| Define a dosimeter? | measure amount of radiation you recieve |
| Under what condition should you never wear your personnel monitoring devices? | outside of work |
| Beta particle are identical to _____ differing only in their ______? | electrons, origins |
| What is the annual effective dose limit for an occupational exposure to ionizating radiation? | 5 rem |
| When no threshold dose for radiation exists, it can be called a __________ effect? | deterministic |
| The distance between the indiviual and the source of ionizing radiation should be increased by a factor of ____ to reduce exposure by a factor of 25 | 5 |
| What does proper collimation do? | reduce beam to area of interest and decrease scatter |
| What rule did advisory agencies recommend to minimize possible exposure to an embryo? | 10 day rule |
| As the speed of an image receptor increases, what happens to patient dose? | decreases |
| what is teh recommended total filtration be the NCRP for x-ray equipment operating above 70 KVP? | 2.5 mm |
| Dose limits are recommended for what 3 things? | total body, tissue, and organs |
| What is the dose limit for a 21 years old who works in radiology? | 21 Rem, 10xage=x |
| The risk of fetal malformations significantly increase at doses above? | 15 Rads |
| What it absorbed by the patient resulting in an increase in patient dose? | low energy photons |
| Can a radiation worker who becomes pregnant be terminated for that reason? | NO |
| How many film badges does a pregnant radiographer wear? | 2 |
| The lense of the eye will recieve the greatest does during which exam? | AP Skull |
| The use of of a grid during radiographic procedure results in an ____ in patient dose? | increase |
| When are gonadal shields used? | 4-5 cm of primary beam |
| When is a fetus most radiosensitive? | 8-15 weeks |
| For procedures above 100 kvp, protective aprons must be at least ______ lead equivalent | 0.5 rem |
| List 3 principles that assist in reducing an individual's exposure? | time, distance, shielding |
| Protective aprons and glove are usually made of _______ lead equivalency? | 0.25-1.0 cm |
| What techincal factors are chosen to minimize patient dose? | Increase Kvp, decrease mAs |
| Primary barriers help stop? | radioation and low energy photons |
| List some protective devices? | Aprons, gloves, lead, glasses |
| If the distance between the individual and the source of radiation is doubled, the exposure to that person will be reduced by a factor of___? | 4 |
| Secondary barriers help stop what 2 types of radioation? | leakage and scatter |
| What is the annual effective dose limit for a person in the general public for infrequent exposure to ionizing radiation? | 0.5 rem, 5 msv |
| What is the annual effective dose for an occupational exposure to ionizing radiation? | 50 msv, 5 rem |
| What agency is responsible for protecting both the public and occupationally exposed people from radiation effects? | NRC |
| Define dose limit? | Radation exposure limit to protection of radiation workers |
| List 3 deterministic effects of ionizing radiation? | cateracts, sterility, adn skin erythema |
| The size of the x-ray beam should always be restricted to the size of the____? | area of interest |
| According to ALARA concepts, pregnant technologists should be assigned to areas where exposures are likely to be _______? | higher |
| ______ Is a nonprofit organization that is charged with collecting, analyzing, developing, adn disseminating info and recommendations about radiation protection. | NCRP |
| Regulatory agency responsible for protecting the public from effects of ionizing radiation. Carry the force of the law and can inspect facilities and issue fines. | NRC |
| ________ effects are also known as nonstochastic effects. | Determined |
| Secondary barriers can only be struck by _______and _______ radiation? | scatter and leakage |
| What effect is random in nature adn regardless of dose, some people will experience an effect. As the dose goes up, the chance of experiencing an effect also goes up. | Stochastic |
| Cateracts, skin erythema and sterility are examples of _______ effects? | deterministic |
| What does MPD stands for and what dose limits replace it? | Maximal permissable dose, dose equivalent |
| Different types of radiation such as alpha and beta particles and neutrons, produce different degrees of biological damage as compared to gamma or x-radiation. | Equivalent dose |
| To account for the fact that the same absorbed dose of radiation may result in different biological reponses for different types of radiation, a unit known as the _____ was developed? | Rem |
| The 2 purposes of filtration serves are: | absorb decreased energy, reduce patient dose |
| ________ describes the quantity of radioactive material. It is expressed as the # of radioactive atoms that undergo decay. The SI unit for this is ______ which is defined as 1dps. | Activity, becquerle |
| NRC regulations state that the dose equivalent to teh embryo/fetus during the entire pregnancy, due to the occupational exposure of a declared pregnant women cannot exceed _____msv, ______rem, ______ mrem | 5 msv, 0.5 rem, 500 mrem |
| Exposure= __________x________ | rate x time |
| Uses a thin strip of aluminum oxide | OSL |
| Uses lithium floride | TLD |
| A laser light is used to stimulate becoming luminsecent | OSL |
| Heatedm absorbed energy released as visible light. | TLD |
| Commonly used for monitoring exposure to extremities | TLD |
| Can undergo complete reanalysis | OSL |
| Primary sources of ionizing radiation | nature (alpha, beta) and man-made (x-ray, gamma) |
| Identify the types of biological effects of ionizing radiation? | Direct and indirect |
| Cellular macromolecules are directly excited | Direct |
| 2/3rds of interactions, water first, produces free radicals | Indirect |
| Define GSD | genetically significant dose, given the same dose over time, the dose amount will effect children to come |
| SI unit for the conventional unit of rem | sievert |
| unit of absorbed dose | gray |
| no longer used | roentgen |
| unit of activity | becquerel |
| equal to J/kg | gray |
| exposure to air | roentgen |
| takes into acount the biological effectiveness of radiaion | sievert |
| kinetic energy relased per unit mass of matter | kerma |
| absorbed dose | attempt to measure the physical effect due to absorption |
| Integral dose | total amount of energy impaired to matter |
| Equivalent dose | the account that the same dose (absorbed) may result in different biological responses of different types of radiation |
| Effective dose | the dependance of the harmful biological effect on the type of being absorbed |
| Geiger-Muller survey instrument | detect radioation, gas filled detector between 2 electrodes. Produces ion pairs in gas to be collected and measured (beta detection) |
| Scintillation detection devices | convert light to electrical signal. Emit uv light when exposed to ionizing radiation. (visible or uv light) |
| Ionizing chambers | measure primary and secondary radiation beams for measurement of exposure. (electrodes swings along a scale) |
| Film badge construction | 2 pieces of film w/ different sensitivities to x-ray light placed w/i a holder. Filter helps determine different energies |
| How does a film badge work? | when exposed the film darkens in proportion to the degree of radiation exposure recieved |
| What is a film badge made out of? | copper, aluminum, cadmium |
| What ranges does a film badge measure? | 10mrem-2,000 rem |
| TLS construction | small chip of thermoluminescent crystal |
| How do TLD work? | when exposed the poriton of the absorped energy is stored in the crystals of the chip, chips are heated and absorped |
| What is the TLD chip made of? | copper, aluminum, and cadmium |
| What ranges does teh TLD measure? | 0.1- 20 |
| Construction of OSL | Aluminium oxide: luminesce amount of radiation can be reanalyse, no effect to humidity and temp. |
| How do OSL work? | meaure the radiation that passes through a thin strip of Al2O3- laser is used |
| What ranges do OSL measure? | 1 mrem |
| What are the advantages are their to OSL | long term and enviromental stability |
| Describe a pocket dosimeter construction | radioation ionizes teh air in the chamber which partially neutralizes |
| How does pocket dosimeter work? | filament measures the daily dose, used when immediate readout is needed, no permanent record is recorded |
| What are stochastic effects? | no threshhold exists (cancer, genertic), random in nature, regardless of dose, some will experience effect |
| What are nonstochastic effects? | Cataracts, skin erythema, and sterility. Threshhold dose is assumed, as dose increases severity increases. Threshold dose |
| What is the annual effective dose limit for whole body exposure of a radiation worker? | 5 rem, 50 msv |
| What is teh annual effective dose limit for a student in teh radiologic technology program? | 1 msv, 0.1 rem |
| What is teh dose equivalent for the skin, hands and feet of an occupational worker? | 50 msv, 5 rem |
| What is the whole body definition according to the NRC? | head, trunk. gonads, arms above the elbow, legs above the knees. |
| What is the annual effective dose limit for infrequent exposure to the public? | 0.5 rem 5 msv |
| What is the primary protective barrier? | perp to beam |
| What is the secondary protective barrier? | parallel to beam (control booth) |
| Lead aprond and gloves should range between ______to _____ mm of lead equivalency? | 0.25 -1.0mm |
| Protective aprons must have a minimun of ____ mm of lead equivalency if the peak energy of the beam is 100 kvp? | 0.5 mm |
| Will an increase in kvp alone decrease pt dose? | no, mA determines the pt. exposure |
| Name 3 types of basic types of gonad shielding? | flat contact, shape contact and shadow |
| As the speed of the film/screen is _____, patient dose is _______. | increase, decreased |
| Average lead glass window of the shield control boorh is ____ mm Pb equivalent? | 1.5 |
| Control booth must be _________ft high? | 7 ft |
| X-ray tubes are to be enclosed by _____ mm thick lead-lines covering? | 1.5 mm |
| Leakage from the x-ray tube housing should not exceed _____ mR/hr at 1 meter? | 100 |
| What are controlled areas? | center core |
| What are incontrolled areas? | x-ray room, hallway, stair ect... |
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