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LEARNING.
NATANSON EXAM 2: LEARNING 2011 SPRING
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Classical conditioning | an organism comes to associate a neutral stimulus-lightning-that signals an unconditioned stimulus (US) –thunder-and begins to produce a response that anticipates and prepares for the (US)—wincing |
| Unconditioned stimulus | a stimulus that unconditionally - naturally and automatically - triggers a response. |
| Generalization | tendency for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses. |
| Garcia and Koeling’s learned aversions | most powerful associations are food or drink with nausea. |
| REINFORCEMENT | anything that makes a behavior MORE LIKELY TO REOCCUR. |
| Negative REINFORCEMENT | removal of something unpleasant (stop whining at mom) after a behavior (she gives me candy) so that the behavior (giving me what I want) is MORE LIKELY TO OCCUR. I have now trained Mom to give me what I want when I whine. I have used negative reinforcem |
| Punishment | anything that makes a behavior less likely to re-occur. Mom grounds me after coming home late so I start coming home on time. I hate punishment. |
| Continuous reinforcement | reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs |
| Variable interval reinforcement | a reinforcement schedule in which the correct response is reinforced after varying lengths of time following the last reinforcement |
| Punishment problems | fear of punisher, unwanted behaviors reappear, justify pain |
| Latent learning | learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it |
| Modeling | (observational learning) observe others, then imitate |
| Media violence | children exposed to violent television, videos, and video games express increased aggression. |