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Merrills Ch 18
Urinary system
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the main functions of the kidneys? | removing waste from the blood, maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance, secreting substance that affects blood pressure |
| What does the urinary system include? | 2 kidneys, 2 ureters, 1 bladder, 1 urethra |
| How much urine is excreted in a day from the kidneys? | 1 to 2 L |
| What are the microscopic components of the kidneys called? | nephrons |
| How much can the kidneys drop in in abdominal cavity when going from a lying position to an upright position? | 2 in |
| Where are the kidneys situated in the abdominal cavity? | behind the peritoneum or retroperitoneal |
| Which kidney is longer and narrower? | the left |
| In which body habitus are the kidneys higher in the abdominal cavity? | hypersthenic |
| In which body habitus are the kidneys lower in the abdominal cavity? | asthenic |
| What are the cluster of blood capillaries in the nephron called? | glomerlus |
| Where does the ureters lie in the abdominal cavity? | behind the peritoneum and in front of the psoas muscles |
| What serves as a urine reservoir? | bladder |
| How long is the urethra in males? | 7-8 inches |
| How long is the urethra in females? | 1 1/2 in |
| Where do the ureters enter the bladder? | posterior wall and lateral margins |
| What does against the flow stand for? | retrograde |
| When does most of the reaction occur after injecton, if any occurs at all? | 5 minutes |
| What is the study of the bladder called? | cystography |
| Which parts of the urinary system can be visualized by using a retrograde technique? | bladder, lower portion of the ureters, and the urethra |
| What are the names of the folds in the lining of the bladder when empty? | rugae |
| What are the common reaction to the contrast? | warm feeling, flushing, sometimes a few hives, |
| What are some of the significant reaction to the contrast media? | nausea, vomiting, edema of the respiratory mucous membrane |
| What are the bowel preparations that can be used for an IVU? | low residue diet 1-2 days before if possible, NPO after midnight, light meal the evening before test, and a non gas forming laxative |
| What is the procedure call when a contrast media is injected through a vein and images are taken at certain time intervals? | Intravenous Urography (IVU) |
| What must the patient do to prepare for a retrograde exam? | drink a large amount of water to ensure there is enough urine for specimens |
| Who or what needs to be available for an IVU? | A radiologist and the crash cart |
| When should compression for an IVU not be used? | Stones, abdominal mass or aneurysm, a colostomy, a suprapubic catheter, or traumatic injury |
| Where should compression for an IVU be applied? | Over the distal ends of the ureters |
| What is the phase of respiration for an IVU? | at the end of expiration |
| What are the most common contraindications for an IVU? | Patient allergic to contrast, patients kidneys unable to filter the contrast |
| What are the most common radiographs taken during an IVU? | AP abdomen |
| WHat is the time intervals ranges for an IVU? | 3-20 minutes |
| Where is the centering point for exams done on the urinary system? | At the iliac crest |
| If an oblique projection is needed, How many degrees is the patient rotated from the IR? | 30 degrees |
| Is the CR have an angle for any IVU projectons? | no |
| Where is the CR directed for a lateral abdomen IVU image? | mid coronal plane |
| What projection is used to show the uretropelvic junction on an IVU? | dorsal decubitus |
| How is the contrast introduced into the bladder for a cystogram? | retrograde(against the flow) |
| What projects are done during a cystogram? | AP, AP oblique, Lateral |
| What is the degree of rotation for an AP oblique projection in a cystogram for the bladder? | 40-6o degrees from the IR |
| What is the most important image for a male cystourethrogram? | AP oblique |
| What is the centering point for both males and females for a cystourethrogram? | superior border of the pubic symphysis |
| What is the degree of rotation for males and femaled in a cystourethrogramon AP oblique? | 35-40 degrees from IR |
| The concave medial border of the kidney that has a longitudional slitfor the transmission of blood, lymphatic vessels, nerves, and ureters? | Hilum |
| Which position would place the left kidney perpendicular to the IR? | AP LPO |
| Which position would place the rt kidney parallel to the IR? | AP LPO |
| Which procedure of the urinary system is considered an operative exam? | retrograde urography |
| When can a rad tech administer medication? | By the order of any physician |
| How many times can an injection needle be used? | once |
| How are IV medications administered? | through the venous system |
| Before venipuncture, the skin is cleansed in a ___________ motion, and the area should be a __ ____ ___________. | Circle, 2 inch circle |
| Where are the most preferred vessels located for venipuncture? | posterior part of hand, anterior part of forearm |
| How many inches above the injection site should the tourniquet be placed? | 6-8 inches |
| What is the correct angle of the needle held for puncturing a vessel? | 45 degrees |
| After puncture of the vessel, the angle reduces to ______ degrees. | 15 degrees |
| What is the leakage of medication or fluids outside of the vein called? | extravasation or infiltration |
| What is a severe reaction to any medication called? | anaphlactic shock |
| How long do you wait for the antiseptic to cleanse the skin before puncture? | 30 seconds |
| What is the name of the outer covering of the kidney called? | renal capsule |
| Trace the blood flow and urine through the kidneys! | enters the afferent arteriole, glomerular capsule, proximal convoluted tube,loop of henle,distal convoluted tube, collecting duct, renal papilla, minor calyx,major calyx, renal pelvis, ureter!!!! |
Created by:
radgirl37
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