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Psychology intr
introduction
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What psychology is… | the scientific study of behavior and mental processes |
| 3 key components to psychology – | science, behavior and mental proesses |
| Positive psychology- Martin Seligman: | the push for a stronger emphasis on research involving the experiences that people value, the traits associated with optimal capacities for love |
| Positive psychology- Martin Seligman: continued | love and work and positive group and civic valus. Seligman is a supporter. “leanred helplessness” positive psych center at u penn. |
| Roots of psychology… | roots in philosophy and biology & Psychiology. Psych grew out of tradition of thinking about the mind and body. |
| Wundt: | Wundt founded the first psychology lab in 1879 at university of Leipzig in germany. Experiment time between person heard sound and time they pressed key. |
| Structuralism- what is it | Structuralism is an early school of psychology that attempted to identify the structures of the human mind. Wundt tried to identify structures of the human mind. Three dimensions of feelings “pleaser/displeasure,tension/relaxation, excitement/depression |
| James: | William James approach became known as functionalism.He gave psych the American stamp. Pragmatism “how useful something is” |
| Functionalism- what is it | “An early school of concerned with the functions and purposes of the mind and behavior in individuals’ adaptation to the environment.” Contrast to structuralism. Why it is adaptive that people think the way they do. Stream of conciousness |
| Evolutionary perspective | Evolutionary theory implies that the way we are, at least partially, is the way that is best suited to surviving in our environment |
| Darwin | British naturalist “on the origin of species” natural selection, evolutionary process that favors organisms’ traits or characteristics that are best adapted to reproduce and survive. |
| Freud | Founding father of the psychodynamic approach. Emphasizes uncouscious thought, conflict between bio instincts and societys demands and early family experiences. Psychoanalysis. |
| Titchener | Student of Wundt, came up with label structuralism. Used instrospection-literally looked inside. |
| Know differences between the different approaches | Biological-focus on body, especially brain and nervous system:heart race/hands sweatBehavioral-emphasizes the scientific study of observable behavioral responses and their environmental determinants “what we do is who we are” |
| Know differences between the different approaches--cont | Psychodynamic- emphasizes unconsiouc thought FREUD Humanistic- emphasizes a person’s positive qualities, the capacity for positive growth and the freedom to choose any destiny. Altruism Cognitive- emphasizes the mental processes involved in |
| Know differences between the different approaches--cont | Know differences between the different approaches--cont |
| Know differences between the different approaches--cont | Sociocultural- examines the ways in which the social and cultural environment influence behavior. |
| Synaptic Cleft/Gap | space between sending axon’s terminal buttons and the receiving dendrite or cell body |
| Know examples of specializations in psychology | Physiological psychology and behavioral neuroscience, Developmental, sensation and perception, Cognitive,Learning, motivation, personality, social, industrial/organizational, clinical and counseling, healthy, community, school, environment, psych wom |
| What is scientific approach? | Curiosity, skepticism, objectivity and a willingness to think critically. How you investigate |
| 5 steps in scientific method | observing some phenomenon, formulating hypotheses and predictions, testing through empirical research, drawing conclusions, evalutation conclusions AND begins with a theory |
| Descriptive research | Serves the purpose of observing and recording behavior, |
| Methods of descriptive research | observation, surveys, interviews, standardized tests and case studies |
| Inferential Statistics | Mathematical methods that are used to indicate whether data sufficiently support or confirm a research hypothesis |
| Mean/median/mode – so what Measures of central tendency! | Mean- average Median- score that falls exactly in the middle of distribution of scores after arranged in order. Mode- # that occurs most often in data least used. |
| Probabilities | Event has occurred/will occur |
| Correlations | Identify relationship between two or more variables in order to describe how these variables change together. Closer number to 1 stronger relationship |
| Correlation coefficient | Degree of relationship between two variables expressed as a numerical value |
| Cause and effect | Correlation doesn’t mean causation |
| Experimental research | Carefully regulated procedure in which one or more variables believed to influence the behavior being studied are manipulated while all other variables are held constant |
| Control group vs experimental group | Experimental group group whose experience is manipulated, control doesn’t have manipulation factor |
| Population | Entire group about which the investigator wants to draw conclusions |
| Sampling – random | Sample-subset of pop chosen by investigator to study Random s-sample that gives every member of pop equal chance of being selected |
| Random assignment | Assigning subjects to different treatments |
| Placebo/effect | Placebo is a harmless inert substance that has no specific psyciological effect. PE is when participants expectations rather than the experimental treatment produce and experimental outcome |
| Blind/double blind | Neither the experimentor nor the participants are aware of which participants are in the experimental group and which are in the control group until the results are calculated |
| Hindsight Bias - researcher and participant | Neither can have it. Gender/cultural/ethnical |
| Nervous system | The body’s electrochemical communication circuitry. Complexity, integration, adaptability, electrochemical transmission |
| Pathways and function | Afferent nerves to brain, efferent nerves away from brain. Most info processing occurs when info moves through neural networks |
| CNS | Central nervous system made up of the brain and spinal cord. More than 99 percent of cells in our body located here. |
| PNS | Network of nerves that connects the brain and spinal cord to other parts of the body |
| Somatic | Sensory nerves function is to convey info from the skin and muscles to the cns about conditions such as pain and temp, and motor nerves tell muscles what to do. |
| Autonomic | Take messages to and from the body’s internal organs, monitoring such processes as breathing, heart rate and digestion |
| Sympathetic | Arouses the body |
| Parasympathetic | Calms the body |
| Know the Cell structure | Cell body, dendrites, nucleus, axon, myelin sheath |
| Neurons | The nerve cells that actually handle the info processing function. 100 billion neurons in brain |
| Neural impulse | Electrical current that travels along dendrites or axons due to ions moving through voltage-gated channels in neuron’s plasma membrane |
| resting potential | stable negative charge of an inactive neuron |
| action potential | describes the brief wave of positive electrical charge that sweeps down the axon |
| all-or-none principal | action potential abides by this. Once the electrical impulse reaches a certain level of intensity, called its threshold, it fires and moves all the way down the axon without losing any of its intensity |
| synaptic transmissions | when a synapse has a synaptic gap, lie between the axon of one neuron and the dendrites or cell body of another, impulse converted to chemical sign. Axon branches out into terminal buttons called neurotransmitters. |
| synaptic transmissions--cont | A message in brain is ferried across synapse by a neurotransmitter, which pours out of the terminal button just as the message approaches the synapse. |
| Synapses | Tiny junctions between neurons, gap between neuron is s gap. |
| Ions | an atom or molecule in which the total number of electrons is not equal to the total number of protons, giving it a net positive or negative electrical charge |
| positive and negative ions | flowating in the fluids inside and outside the tube, sodium and potassium positive, chlorine negative. Cell membrane prevents them from floating back and forth |
| ion gateways | embedded in the membrane, the wall of our balloon, are hundres of thousands of small gates, which open and close to let the ions pass into and out of the cell. |
| synaptic buttons | specialized junctions through which neurons signal to each other and to non neuronal cells |
| Neurotransmitters | Chemicals substances that carry info across the synaptic gap from one neuron to the next |
| Neurotransmitters -and what they are for | carry info |
| Neurotransmitters-how they affect behavior | affect mood, sleep, sex, cns, heart, bondings |
| Brain organization | Hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain |
| Hindbrain and structures | Hindbrain, located at skulls rear-medulla, cerebellm and pons |
| Hindbrain, located at skulls rear-medulla, cerebellm and pons | Located between hindbrain and forebrain, many nerve-fiber systems ascend and descend to connect the higher and lower portions of brain relays info betweetn brain and eyes and ears-reticular formation and brain stem |
| Forebrain and structures | Highest level of brain, limbic system, thalamus, basal ganglia, hypothalamus and cerebral cortex |
| Cerebral cortex | highest regio of the forebrainand is most recently developed part of brain in the evolutionary scheme. Thinking and planning |
| Corpus callosum | Large bundle of axons that connects the brains two hemispheres |
| Limbic system structures – Hippocampus | Stores memories |
| Amygdala | Located within base of temporal. Discimination of objects that are necessary for organisism survival, food, mate, social rival |
| Thalamus | Functions as relay station to sort info and sent it to appropriate areas in forebrain for further integration/interpretation |
| Hypothalamus | Small forebrain structures involved in regulating eating, drinking and sex; directing the endocrine system and monitoring emotion, stress and reward |
| Parietal | Top, spatial location, attention and motor control |
| Occipital | Back vision |
| Temporal | Above ears, hearing, language process and memory |
| Frontal | Behind forehead control voluntary muscles, intelligence and personality |
| How we study the brain | Lesioning, staning, electrical recording, brain imaging, pet, ct, mri, fmri |
| Cerebral hemispheres | Left brain-speech writing, right brain-simple comprehension |
| Lateralization | Brain split in half connected with corpus colossum |
| Split brain | Split brain patient info from visual fields left side projects only to right hemi |
| Prosopagnosia | Face blindness occipital and temporal lobes |
Created by:
psych201
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