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Theorys Respiratory
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Orthopnea | Dyspnea present when patient is reclining |
| Platypnea | shortness of breath in the upright position |
| Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnea (PND) | awakens patient at night |
| Cough | forceful expiratory maneuver that expels mucus and foreign material from the airways |
| Sputum production | mucous produce in the airways |
| Phlegm | from TB tree NOT contaminated by oral secretions |
| Sputum | comes from lungs but passes through mouth |
| Purulent | contains pus (suggests bacterial infection) |
| Fetid | foul smell |
| Mucoid | thick and clear |
| Frothy | pink/white foamy |
| Hemoptysis | coughing up blood or blood-streaked suputum |
| Normal temperature for adults | 96.0 - 99.5 F |
| Hypothermia causes | exposure, increased heat loss, diaphoresis, blood loss, hormone imbalance, hypothalamus injury |
| Hyperthermia causes | increased environmental temp, decreased loss (too many clothes), drug or medication reaction, hormonal imbalance, infection or illness |
| Normal pulse for an adult | 60 - 100 bpm |
| Causes for bradycardia | hypothermia, infection, heart abnormalities, depressant drugs |
| Causes for tachycardia | hypoxemia, fever, emotional stress, heart abnormalities, blood volume loss |
| Normal respiratory rates in adults | 12 - 20 |
| Eupnea | normal restful breathing |
| Hyperpnea | deep breathing |
| Hypopnea | shallow breathing |
| Tachypnea | increased respiratory rate |
| Tachypnea caused by | anxiety, exercise, fever, hypoxemia (may indicate respiratory failure) |
| Bradypnea | decreased respiratory rate |
| Bradypnea caused by | narcotics, head injury, hypothermia |
| Blood pressure | measurement of pressure within arterial system |
| Normal adult blood pressure | 90/60 to 140/90 |
| Hypotension causes | shock, hormonal imbalance, depressant drugs, positioning, fluid loss |
| Hypertension causes | cardiovascular imbalances, hormonal imbalances, exercise, stimulant drugs, emotional stress, renal failure / fluid retention |
| Pulse oximetry (spO2) | 5th vital sign, measurement of % red blood cells carrying something (usually oxygen) |
| Normal / Critical Values for spO2 | Normal > 95% Critical < = 88% (usually) |
| Four critical life functions | ventilation, oxygenation, circulation, perfusion |
| Autonomy | right to decide own course of treatment, has led to need for informed consent |
| Veracity | Veritas, Latin for truth Problem is benevolent deception (withholding the truth for the patient's own good). |
| Nonmaleficence | 1. Avoiding harm 2. Actively prevent harm |
| Tort | civil wrong other than breach of contract |
| Tort of Negligence 4-D's | Practitioner owes Duty to pt Practitioner was Derelict in duties Breach of duty was Direct cause of damage Damage or harm came to patient |
| Res ipsa loquitur | "the thing speaks for itself" |
| Respondeat superior | "let the master answer" |
| Boyle's Law | P1V1 = P2V2 (temperature & mass constant) |
| Charles' Law | V1/T1 = V2/T2 (pressure & mass constant) |
| Gay-Lussac's Law | P1/T1 = P2/T2 (Volume & Mass Constant) |
| STPD | Standard temperature pressure and dry |
| ATPS | Ambient temperature and pressure saturated |
| BTPS | body temperature and pressure saturated |
| Critical temperature | highest temperature at which a liquid is a liquid-above which the liquid becomes a gas |
| Critical pressure | pressure at the critical temperature that maintains equilibrium between the gas and liquid states |
| Critical pressure + Critical temperature = ? | Critical point |
| Oxygen characteristics | a. colorless, odorless, transparent, tasteless,naturally occurring, not very soluble in water, nonflammable but supports combustion |
| Production of O2 | Electrolysis of water/decomposition of NaCIO3, fractional distillation of air, most common and least expensive, FDA requires purity of at least 99.0%, Physical Separation; oxygen concentrators used in the home; some long term facilities |
| Characteristics of Air | colorless, odorless, naturally occurring mixture consists of 20.95% Oxygen, 78.1% nitrogen, approx 1% trace gases mainly argon, supports combustion |
| Carbon Dioxide (CO3) characteristics | colorless, odorless, 1 1/2 times heavier than air, does not support combustion or maintain animal life, FDA requires 99.0% purity |
| Helium characteristics | odorless,tasteless,nonflammable, second only to hydrogen as lightest gas, chemically and physically inert; cannot support life |
| Helium combined with 20% oxygen = ? | Heliox |
| Nitrous oxide (N2O) characteristics | colorless, slightly sweet odor and taste, can support combustion, cannot support life (always mixed with 20% oxygen) |
| Nitrous oxide use | anesthetic agent |
| nitric oxide (NO) characteristics | colorless, nonflammable, toxic gas, supports combustion, vasodilator |
| Cylinders are constructed with | seamless steel |
| Cylinders are classified by | Department of Transportation |
| EE indicated on cylinder means | Elastic expansion |
| * on cylinder indicates | approval for 10 years |
| + on cylinder indicates | approved for filling 10% above service pressure |
| small cylinders (E-AA) valves and connecting mechanisms are | post valve & yoke connector |
| Large cylinders (F,G,H,K) valves and connecting mechanisms are | threaded valve outlet |
| Duration of Flow equation | Pressure (psig) X Cylinder factor ___________________________________ Flow (L/Min) |
| Amount of gas cylinder (Liquid O2) = | Liquid O2 weight (lb.) X 860 ______________________________ 2.5 lb/L |
| NFPA | set standards for piping systems |
| Safety Indexed Connector Systems primary purpose | prevents misconnections between equipment and incorrect gas |
| ASSS | American Standard Safety System |
| PISS | Pin-indexed Safety System |
| DISS | Diameter-index safety system |
| Position of pinholes for Oxygen | 2-5 |
| Position of pinholes for Air | 1-5 |
| Bourdon Gauge | Always used in conjunction with adjustable pressure-reducing valve, it is metering device of choice for transport |
| Thorpe Tube | used in bed-side outlet stations or on cylinders with a reducing valve |
| Basic Elements of a Practice Act | 1.Scope of Professional Practice 2.Requirements and qualifications for licensure 3.Exemptions 4.Grounds for administrative action 5.Creation of examination board and processes 5.Penalties and sanctions for unauthorized practice |
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