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CP Phys Chap 2 Pt2
Ventilation Pt2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Dynamic | The study of forces in action. |
| Dynamic re: lungs | Refers to the movement of gas in and out of the lungs and the pressure changes required to move the gas. |
| Passive Dilation | During normal inspiration in which the < in intrapleural pressure causes the bronchial airways to lengthen & increase in diameter. |
| Passive Constriction | During normal expiration in which the > in intrapleural pressure causes the bronchial airways to shorten & decrease in diameter. |
| Poiseuille's Law | What the tube size does to the flow & pressure. |
| Poiseuille's Law for v (flow) | v = ^Pr4 - Flow = Change in pressure times r to the 4th power. |
| Poiseuille's Law for P (pressure) | P = v/r4 - Pressure = flow divided by r to the 4th power. |
| If radius > 2x then, | v (flow) > 16x and P (pressure) < 1/16 |
| If radius < 1/2 then, | v (flow) < 1/16 and P (pressure) > 16x |
| Time Constants | Time that is required to inflate a specific lung region 60% of its filling capacity. Determined by Cl & Raw. |
| Increase in Raw &/or Cl | Increase time to inflate = long time constant |
| Decrease in Raw &/or Cl | Decrease time to inflate = short time constant |
| Dynamic Compliance | How readily a lung region fills with gas during a specific period of time. Measured DURING a period of gas flow. ^V/^Ptp |
| Positive end-expiration pressure - PEEP | When during rapid ventilatory rates, small airways w/high Raw don't have sufficient time to fully deflate during expiration and the pressure in the alveoli distal to these airways still have +pressure when the next inspiration begins. |
| auto-PEEP | Caused by inadequate expiratory time and causes increase in pt WOB. AKA air trapping, intrinsic PEEP, occult PEEP, inadvertent PEEP & covert PEEP. |
| auto-PEEP & pt FRC increase | When FRC increases, pt breaths at a higher, less compliant point on the volume pressure curve, thus causing > WOB. |
| auto-PEEP & pt diaphragm | Air trapping causes diaphragm to push downward, causing > WOB. Pa is higher at beginning inspiration (ie +4 > ambient pressure) causing > WOB. |
| Ventilatory Pattern | Consists of 1) tidal volume, 2)the ventalory rate, and 3) the time relationship between insp. & exh. (pause). 1:2 |
| Tidal Volume | The volume of air that normally moves into and out of the lungs in one quiet breath. |
| Normal Vt | 7 - 9 mL/kg 3 - 4 mL/lb 500 mL total average |
| Ventilatory Rate | Normal = 12-20 breaths per minute |
| Dead space ventilation | Amount of gas that DOESN'T reach the alveoli and DOESN'T partake in gas exchange. |
| Alveolar ventilation | Amount of gas that actually DOES reach the alveoli and DOES partake in gas exchange. |
| Effective Ventilation | Va = Vt - Vds; measuring ONE breath only! |
| Minute alveolar ventilation | v(flow)a = Vt - Vds x RR; measuring one MINUTE! |
| Ventilatory Pattern | Consists of 1) tidal volume, 2)the ventalory rate, and 3) the time relationship between insp. & exh. (pause). 1:2 |
| Tidal Volume | The volume of air that normally moves into and out of the lungs in one quiet breath. |
| Normal Vt | 7 - 9 mL/kg 3 - 4 mL/lb 500 mL total average |
| Ventilatory Rate | Normal = 12-20 breaths per minute |
| Dead space ventilation | Amount of gas that DOESN'T reach the alveoli and DOESN'T partake in gas exchange. |
| Alveolar ventilation | Amount of gas that actually DOES reach the alveoli and DOES partake in gas exchange. |
| Effective Ventilation | Va = Vt - Vds; measuring ONE breath only! |
| Minute alveolar ventilation | v(flow)a = Vt - Vds x RR; measuring one MINUTE! |
| Anatomic dead space | Amount of air in the conducting airways (upto but not including resp bronchioles). Equals about 1mL/lb IBW. Dilutes oxygen concentration of gas entering lungs. |
| Physiologic dead space | The sum of the anatomic dead space and the alveolar dead space. |
| An increased depth of breathing, | is far more effective than an equivalent increase in breating rate in increasing an individual's total alveolar ventilation. |
| Increase in tidal volume beyond anatomic dead space, | goes entirely toward increasing alveolar ventilation. |
| Apnea | Complete absence of spontaneous ventilation. |
| Eupnea | Normal, spontaneous breathing. |
| Biot's | Short episodes of rapid, uniformly deep inspirations, followed by 10 to 30 seconds of apnea. |
| Hyperpnea | Increased depth (volume) of breathing with or without an increased frequency. |
| Tachypnea | A rapid rate of breathing. |
| Cheyen-Stokes | Ten to 30 seconds of apnea, followed by a gradual increase in volume and frequency of breathing, then a gradual decrease in volume until another period of apnea occurs. |
| Kussmaul's | Both an increased depth (hyperpnea) and rate of breathing. Associated w/diabetic acidosis (ketoacidosis). |
| Orthopnea | A condition in which an individual is able to breath most comfortably only in the upright position. |
| Dyspnea | Difficulty in breathing, of which the individual is aware. |
| Alveolar Deadspace | Alveolus ventilated by not perfused; due to clots, tumors, etc. |
Created by:
mfredenburg
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