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intro psych chap 2
Rue/clep
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Adoption Studies | Research carried out on children adopted at birth by parents not related to them to determine the relative influence of heredity and environment on human behavior |
| Adrenal Glands | Two endocrine glands located just above the kidneys |
| Afferent Neurons | Neurons that carry messages from sense organs to the spinal cord or brain |
| All-or-none laws | Principle that the action potential in a neuron does not vary in strength: either the neuron fires at full strength or it does not fire at all |
| Aphasia's | Impairment of the ability to use (expressive aphasia) or understand(receptive aphasia) language that usually results from brain damage. |
| Axon | Single long fiber extending from the cell body, it carries outgoing messages |
| Association Areas | Area of the cerebral cortex where incoming messages from the separate senses are combined into meaningful impressions and out going messages from the motor area are integrated |
| Autonomic Nervous system | The Part of the central nervous system that carries messages between the central nervous system and the internal organs |
| Behavior Genetics | Study of the relationship between heredity and behavior |
| Central Nervous Systems | Division of the nervous system that contains the brain and the spinal cord |
| Cerebellum | Structure in the hind brain that controls certain reflexes and coordinates the body's movements |
| Cerebral Cortex | The outer surface of the two cerebral hemispheres that regulates most complex behavior |
| Chromosomes | Pairs of threadlike bodies within the cell nucleus that contain the genes |
| Corpus Callosum | A thick band of nerve fibers connecting the left and right cerebral hemispheres |
| Dendrites | Short fibers that branch out from the cell body and pick up incoming messages |
| Family Studies | Studies of heritability in humans based on the assumption that if genes influence a certain trait, close relatives should be more similar on the trait than distant relatives. |
| Fraternal Twins | Twins developed from two separate fertilized ova and therefore different in genetic makeup. |
| Frontal Lobe | Part of the cerebral cortex that is responsible for voluntary movement; It is also important for attention, goal-directed behavior, and appropriate emotional experiences. |
| Genes | Elements that control the transmission of traits; they are found on the chromosomes |
| Genetics | Study of how traits are passed from one generation to the next |
| Geno Type | An organisim's entire unique genetic makeup |
| Glial Cells (or Glia) | Cells that insulate and support neurons by holding them together, provide nourishment and remove waste products, prevent harmful substances from passing into the brain, and form the myelin sheath |
| Gonads | The productive glands-testes in males and ovaries in females |
| Graded Potential | A shift in the electrical charge in a tiny area of a neuron |
| Hind brain | Area containing the medulla, pons, and cerebellum. |
| Hormones | Chemical substances released by the endocrine glands; they help regulate bodily activities |
| Human Genome | The full complement of genes within a human cell. |
| Hypothalamus | Fore brain region that governs motivation and emotional responses |
| Identical Twins | Twins developed from a single fertilized ovum and therefore identical in genetic makeup at the time of conception |
| Inter-neurons (or Association Neurons) | Neurons that carry messages from on neuron to another |
| Ions | Electrically charged particles found both inside and outside the neuron. |
| Limbic System | Ring of structures that plays a role in learning and emotional behavior |
| Medulla | Structure in the hind-brain that controls essential life support functions including breathing, heart rate,and blood pressure. |
| Mid-brain | Region between the hind-brain and fore-brain;it is important for hearing and sight, and it is one of several places in the brain where pain is registered. |
| Motor or (efferent) Neurons | Neurons that carry messages from the spinal cord or brain the the muscles and glands |
| Myelin Sheath | White fatty covering found on some axons |
| Natural selection | Darwin in his theory of evolution, states the organisms best adapted to their environment tend to survive, transmitting their genetic characteristics to succeeding generations, whereas organisms with less adaptive characteristics vanish form the earth |
| Nerve or (Tract) | Group of axons bundled together |
| Neural Impulse (or Action potential) | The firing of a nerve cell |
| Neural Plasticity | The ability of the brain to change in response to experiences |
| Neurogenesis | The growth of new neurons |
| Neurons | Individual cells of the nervous system that are the smallest unit |
| Neuroscience | The study of the brain and nervous system |
| Neurotransmitters | Chemicals released by the synaptic vesicles that travel across the synaptic space and affect adjacent neurons |
| Occipital Lobe | Part of the cerebral hemisphere that receives and. |
| Pancreas | organ lying between the stomach and small intestines: it secrets insulin and glucagon to regulate blood sugar levels |
| Parasympathetic Division | Branch of the autonomic nervous system; it calms and relaxes the body. |
| Parathyroids | Four tiny glands embedded in the thyroid |
| Parietal Lobe | Part of the cerebral cortex that receives sensory information from throughout the body |
| Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) | Division of the nervous system that connects the central nervous system to the rest of the body |
| Phenotype | The characteristics of an organism: determine by both genetics and experience. |
| Pineal Gland | A gland located roughly in the corner of the brain that appears to regulate activity levels over the course of the day. |
| Pituitary Gland | Gland on the underside of the brain; it produces the largest number of the body's hormones. |
| Polarization | The condition of a neuron when the inside is negatively charged relative to the outside; for example, when the neuron is at rest. |
| Polygenic Inheritance | Process by which several genes interact to produce a certain trait; responsible for ou most important traits. |
| Pons | Structure in the mid-brain that regulates sleep and wake cycles |
| Primary Motor Cortex | The section of the frontal lobe responsible for voluntary movement. |
| Primary Somatosensory Cortex | Area of the parietal lobe where messages from the sense receptors are located |
| Psycohbiology | The area of psychology that focuses on the biological foundations of behavior and the mental process |
| Receptor Sites | Location on the a receptor neuron into which a specific neurotransmitter fits like a key into the lock. |
| Recessive Gene | Member of a gene pain that can control the appearance of a certain trait only if it is paired with another recessive gene |
| Resting Potential | Electrical charge across a neuron membrane resulting from more positive ions concentrated on the outside and more negative ions on the inside |
| Reticular Formation (RF) | Network of neurons in the hind brain, the mid brain, and part of the fore brain, whose primary function is to alert and arouse the higher parts of the brain. |
| Selection Studies | Studies that estimate the heritability of a trait by breeding animals with other animals that have the same trait. |
| Sensory (or Afferent) Neurons | Neurons that carry messages from sense organs to the spinal cord or brain. |
| Somatic Nervous System | The part of the peripheral nervous system that carries messages from the senses to the central nervous system and between the central nervous system and the skeletal mussels. |
| Spinal Cord | Complex cable of neurons that runs down the spine, connecting the brain to most of the rest of the body. |
| Strain Studies | Studies of the heritability of behavioral traits using animals that have been inbred to produce strains that are genetically similar to one another. |
| Sympathetic Division | Branch of the autonomic nervous system; it prepares the body for quick action in an emergency. Fight or flight. |
| Synapse | Area composed of the axon terminal of one neuron, the synaptic space, and the dendrite or cell body of the next neuron. |
| Synaptic Space (or Synaptic Cleft) | Tiny gap between the axon terminal of one neuron and the dendrites or cell body of the next neuron. |
| Synaptic Vesicles | Tiny gap between the axon terminal of one neuron and the dendrites or cell body of the next neuron. |
| Temporal Lobes | Part of the cerebral hemisphere that helps regulate hearing, balance and equilibrium, and certain emotions and motivations, |
| Terminal Button (or Synaptic Knob) | Structure at the end of an axon terminal branch. |
| Thalamus | Fore brain region that relays and translates incoming messages from the sense receptors, except for smell |
| Threshold of Excitation | The level and impulse must exceed to cause a neuron to fire. |
| Thyroid Gland | Endocrine gland located below the voice box it produces the hormone thyroxin. |
Created by:
caretaker66
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