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HISTORY/APPROACH
NATANSON EXAM 1: H & A 2011 SPRING
Question | Answer |
---|---|
Introspection | thinking and reflecting on one’s own experience |
Structuralism | historical focus; basic elements of conscious mental experience |
Functionalism | historical focus; how mental processes help adaptation to the environment |
Behaviorism | learn observable responses to environmental stimuli through association |
Gestalt | early cognitive approach based on the "the whole experience is greater than the sum of it's parts" |
Psychoanalytic/psychodynamic | effect on behavior of; unconscious motives and desires, repressed childhood experiences, unconscious conflicts |
Humanism | free will; personal growth, choice, achievement; individual potential |
evolutionary | how nature selects behavioral traits, such as fear of heights, that promote survival of the species (ex; mating preference diff between men and women) |
biological/neuroscience | biological influences (neuroanatomy, brain chemistry, diet etc) on behavior includes genetics |
cognitive | a focus on mental processes: memory, perception, thought, attitudes, thinking style, self talk etc |
Sociocultural | influence of ethnicity, gender, culture, socioeconomics on behavior |
levels of analysis | complimentary accounts of same behavior from many perspectives; psychological, biological and sociocultural |
Mary Whiton Calkins | first woman president of the APA, denied her doctorate from Harvard |
Charles Darwin | Theory of evolution, survival of the fittest, origin of species |
Dorathia Dix | social reformer for the treatment of the mentally ill |
G Stanley Hall | first President of the American Psychological Association (APA) in 1892 |
William James (1842-1910) | functionalism, first American psychologist, wrote first psychology textbook |
Margaret Floy Washburn | first woman to receive Ph.D. in psychology and presidency of the American Psychological Association |
Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920) | first psychology lab, Germany--introspection |
Paul Broca | French physician discovered Broca’s area |
Michael Gassaniga | made important advances in our understanding of functional lateralization in the brain and how the cerebral hemispheres communicate with one another |
Roger Sperry | Psychobiologist discovered that that the human brain has specialized functions on the right and left |
Carl Wernicke | German, discovered Wernicke’s area |
Industrial Organizational Psych | workplace productivity |
Clinical | branch of psychology concerned with the assessment and treatment of mental illness, abnormal behavior and psychiatric problems. |
Counseling | counseling psychology focuses on normal everyday problems rather than mental health problems. |
Human factors | focuses on ergonomics, workplace safety, human error, product design, human capability and human-computer interaction |