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the CNS into what two parts
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What is the outer portion of the gray matter of the brain called
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nervous system

chapter 24

QuestionAnswer
the CNS into what two parts brain and the spinal cord
What is the outer portion of the gray matter of the brain called cortex
Name the parts of the brain crebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem
What part of the brain continous with the spinal cord brainstem
What does the brainstem consist of midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata
What is the largest part of the brain cerebrum
What is another name for the cerebrum forebrain
What is the forebrain is divided into lobes and lobules
What is the stemlike portion that connects the cerebrum and the pons and cerebellum midbrain
What makes up the hindbrain cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata
What is the deep cleft that seperates the cerebrum in right and left hemispheres longitudinal sulcus
What is the name of the fluid filled cavity that is contained in each of the cerebral hemisphere lateral ventricle
At the diencephalon, or second portion of the brain, the thalami surrounds ________ ________ third ventricle
What gland is the mastery endocrine gland of the body and is inferior to the diencephalon pituitary gland
Where do the pituitary gland reside in the hypophyseal of the sella turcica
What forms the upper part of the hindbrain, and is the commissure or bridge between the cerebrum, cerebellum, and medulla oblongata pons
What extends between the pons and the spinal cord, and forms the lower portion of the hindbrain medulla oblongata
What extends from the brain where it connects to the medulla oblongata at the level of the foramen magnum spinal cord
To what level do the spinal cord extends to the level of the space between the first and second lumbar vertebrea
Where do the spinal cord ends in the pointed extremity called the conus medullaris
How long is the adult spinal cord 18 to 20 inches long
The spinal cord is connecte to how many pairs of nerves 31
What are the nerves transmitted through intervertebral and sacral foramina
The nerves resemble _______ and is referred to the _________ horse's tail, cauda equina
What does the nerves and spinal cord work together to perform transmit and receive sensory, motor, and reflex messages to and from the brain
What is the inner sheath of the spinal cord called pia mater
What is the latin name for the inner sheath of the spinalcord tender mother
What is the central sheath of the spinal cord called arachnoid
What does the ventricles of the brain and the subarachnoid contain CSF Cerebrospinal fluid
What is the function of the cerebrospinal fluid surrounds and cushions the structures of the CNS
What is the outer most sheath of the spinal cord called dura mater
what is the latin name of the outer most sheath of the spinal cord called hard mother
What does the outer sheath of the spinal cord formed the strong fibrous covering of the brain and spinal cord
How far do the dura mata extends below the spinal cord ( to the second level of the sacral segment)
What is the function of the dura mater to enclose the spinal nerves
How are the spinal nerves prolonged inferiorly from the cord to their respective exits
What is the lower portion of the dura mater called the dura sac
What is enclosed by the dura sac the cauda equina
What are the two upper chambers of the brain called right and left lateral ventricles
What is the central portion of the lateral ventricle called the body
How is the body of the wo lateral ventricles prolonged anteriorly, posteriorly, and inferiorly into hornlike portions
What connects each lateral ventricle to the third ventriclee by a channel called the interventricular foramen
What is the slitlike cavity of the brain witha quadrilateralshape third ventricle
What is diamond shaped and is located in the area of the hindbrain fourth ventricle
where is the fourth ventricle located anterior to the cerebellum and posterior to the pons
Where do the cerebrospinal fluid exit fourth ventricle
What can be employed to demonstrate bony anatomy radiographs of the cerebral and visceral cranium and rhe vertebral column
Why are radiograohs obtained to detect bony injury, sublaxation, or dislocation of the vertebral column and determine the extent and stability of the bony injury
What should be obtained before myelogtaphy radiographs of the spine
Why is a noncontrast spinal image used because the contrast agents used in myelography may obscure some abnomalities
what complements the myelographic examination and often provide additional information noncontrast spinal images
What is myelography radiography examination of the CNS structures situated within the vertebral canal
How is the myelography performed by introducing a nonionic, water soluable contrast medium into the subarachnoid space by spinal puncture
Where does the spinal puncture of the myelography take place from L2-L3 or L3-L4 (2). cisterna magnum btween C1 and the occipital bone
What are the term for the injection into the subarachnoid space intrathecal injection
What basis are the myelographs performed outpatient basis
What is the recovering time for patient after the procedure and they are allowed to go home 4 to 8 hrs
What has largely replaced myelographs MRI
What do myelography demonstrates spinal cord compression caused by a herniated disk, bone fragments, tumors and spinal cord swelling resulting from traumatic injury
What is useful in identifying narrowing of the subarachnoid space by evaluating the dynamic flow of the CSF Myelography
What type of contrast was introduced in 1942 a non water soluable, iodinated este
True or False: In 1942 the non water soluable iodinated ester could be obsorbed by the body False
What provide good visualization of nerve roots and good enhancement for the follow-up CT of the spine non water soluable contrast media
What water soluable agents have commonly been used for myelography iopamidol and iohexol
What should technologist who perform myelography be educated in the use of contrast media
What can cause severe and fatal neurtoxic reactions intrathecal administration of ionic contrast media
Where are departments encouraged to store contrast media for myelographs seperately from other agents
How many times should contrast vials be checked 3 times
True or False: The contrast vial should be checked with the physician proforming the examination True
What should the appropriate completed documentation contain lot number and expiration date of contrast media
What is the responsibility of the radiographer before the patient arrive prepare the examination room
What should be cleaned because the procedure involves aseptic techniques table, and overhead equipment
The ________ should be attached to the table and the ______________ should be placed and ready for adjustment to the patient height footboard, padded shoulder supports
What should be locked so it cannot accidently come in contact with the spinal needle, sterile field, or both image intensifier
Where is the spinal puncture and contrast medium injection performed radiology department
Under what observationis the contrast injection made fluoroscopic
What size is the spinal guage needle 2o to 22 guage needle
Where is the 20 to 22 guage needle for the spinal puncture and contrast medium injected in the subarachnoid space
What must be verified first before the contrast medium injection is administered the subarachnoid space
What must the radiographer do before the examination begins explain the details of the myelograph
What should the patient be informed about the radijograph table the the angulation of the table will be repeatedly changed and acutely changed
What images are often requested after the examination procedure scout images including a cross table lateral lumbar spine prone
For the spinal puncture how do the physician perfer the patient to be positioned placed on the table in the prone position
What position of the patient do the physicians perfer to widen the interspinous spaces for easier introduction of the needle the lateral position with the spine flexed
what does the physician usually withdraws for laboratory analysis CSF
How much nonionic contrast medium does the physician injects after withdrawing CSF 9 to 12 mL
What allows gravity to direct the contrst to the area of interest the angulationof the table
What is taken throughout the procedure spot images
For the conus projection in the AP position where is the central ray centered to T12-L1
True or False: The conus projection in the AP position used a cassette True
Why is the position of the patient's head important in a cervical myelograph to prevent the medium from passing into the cerebral ventricles
How is the head positioned for the myelograph of the cervical acute extension of the head
Where sre the patients monitored after the procedure in the recovery area
How many degrees are the patient's head and shoulders elevated during recovery 30 to 45 degrees
What precautions are taken after the myelograph procedure bedrest, plenty of fluids, puncture site examined before patient is released from the recovery area
What is an noninvasive imaging technique introduced in 1970's CT
What allows for the changes of density and contrast of an image digital image processing techniques in CT
How is the CT examination of the brain commonly performed in an axial orientation with the gantry placed in an an angle of 20 to 25 degrees
What is the thickness of the slice often used in the CT imaging 8 to 10mm
What is required before and after IV injection of a nonionic water soluable contrast agent CT scans of the brain
what are the two nonionic water soluable contrast agent preinfusion and postinfusion
What are common indications of CT of the brain without an IV infusion of contrast material include______ assessment of dementia, craniocerebral trauma, hydrocephalus and acute infarcts
What is particularly useful for demonstrating the size, location, and configuration of mass lesions, hematomas, and aneurysums CT of the brain
What examination that can clearly demonstrate the size,number, and location of fracture fragments in the cervical, thoracic and lumbar spine CT of the spine
Preoperative what is used to assess the outcome of the surgical procedure CT
What involves the CT examination of the intrathecal injection of thewater soluable contrast agent CTM (computed tomography of myelography)
what are extremely useful in patients withcomprehensive injuries or in determining dural tears resulting in extravasation of the CSF CTM
In the 1980's what became the modality of choice for evaluating many anomalies of the brain and spinal cord MRI
What is an noninvasive procedures that provides excellent anatomic detail of the brain, spinal cord, intervertebral disk and CSF MRI
What procedures do not require intrathecal injection of a contrast agent MRI of the spinal cord and subarachnoid space
Which modality is basically blind to bone, unlike other conventional radiographic imaging modalities MRI
What allows sirect visualization of the cord, nerve roots, and surrounding CSF MRI
What paramagnetic IV contrast agents are used to enhance tumor visualization gadolinium
What are the contridictions to the MRI primarily related to a magnetic field
MRI should not be used on patients with what devices pacemakers, ferromagnetic aneurysm clips, or metallic spinal fusion rods
How is angiography used to assess vascular supply to tumors, demonstrate the relationship between a mass lesion and intracebral vessels, or illustrate anomalies of a vessel, aneurysm, or a vascular occlusion
What is the minimal focal spot size of an angiographic x-ray tube 1.3 mm
What is the minimal magnification focal size of an angiographic x-ray tube 0.3mm
What happens after the catheter is placed in the appropriate position a nonionic water soluble contrast agent is injected into the vessels and rapid sequence images are obtained for evaluation
What involves the placement of various coils, medications, filters, stents and other devices to treat a particular problem or provide therapy Interventional radiology
What are some therapeutic devices used in the cardiovascular ad interventional areas filters, stents, shunts
What are tems used to denote radiologic examination of individual intervertebral disks Diskography and nucleography
what is used in the investiation of internal disk lesion, such as rupture of he nucleus pulposus diskography
What have largely replaced diskography MRI, CTM
What procedures used to treat spinal compression fractures and other pathologies of the vertebral bodies that do not respond to conserative treatment Vertebralplasty and kyphoplasty
What is defined as the injection of a radiopaque bone cement into a painful compression fracture under fluoroscopic guidance Percutaneous vertebroplasty
What is advanced into the fractured vertebral body under fluoroscopy in the percutaneous vertebralplasty a specialized trocar needle
What stabilizes fracture fragments and leads to reduction in pain cement
What postprocedural projections of the spine is included to confirm cement position the AP and lateral projections
How do the kyphoplsty differ from the percutaneous kyphoplasty in that balloon catheter is used to expand the compressed vertebral body before the injection of the bone cement
What can help restore the spine to a more normal curature and reduce hunchback deformities kyphoplasty
What is the success rate of the use of kyphoplasty and vertebroplasty 80 to 90 percent
What is the complication of the vertebralplasty andkyphoplasty leakage of cement before it hardens
What complications have been reported in the use of vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty embolism and death
What should discusse with the patient about the vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty procedures risks, benefits, and alternatives
What are recommended for technologist that are performing these procedures of ertbroplasty and kypoplasty educated in these procedures and make sure that an informed consent has been documented
Radiographic examination of the of the blood vessels after the injection of contrast medium angiograhy
A thin delicate membrane surrounding the brain and spinal cord arachnoid
The portionof the central nervous system contained within the cranium brain
A collection of nerves licated iin the spinal canal inferior to the spinal ccord cauda equina
The part of the brain located in he posterior cranial fossa behind the brainstem cerebellum
The fluid that flows through and protect the ventricles, subarachnoid space, brain, and spinal cord cerebrospinal fluid
The largest uppermost portion of the brain crebrum
The most inferior portion of the spinal cord conus medullaris
The outer most surface of the brain cortex
The tough outer layer of the meninges, which lines the cranial cavity and spinal cord dura mater
Outside or above the dura mater epidural space
An IV ontrat medium gadolinium
The portion ofthe brain within the posterior fossa; it includes the pons, medulla oblongata and cerebrum hindbrain
A branch of radiology hat uses catheters to perform therapeutic procedures interventional radiology
An injection into the subarachnoid space of the spinal canal intrathecal injection
An interventional radiology procedure used to treat vertebral body compression fractures using a specialized balloon and bone cement kyphoplasty
An oval shaped area of the brain anterior to the medulla oblongata pons
Sectional images of the body produced with either CT or MRI slices
An extension of the medulla oblongata that runs hrough the spinal canal to the upper lumbar vertebrae spinal cord
An interventional radiology procedure used to treat vertebral body compression fractures by stabilizing bone fragments with cement vertebroplasty
Created by: rachel43
 

 



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