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nervous system
chapter 24
Question | Answer |
---|---|
the CNS into what two parts | brain and the spinal cord |
What is the outer portion of the gray matter of the brain called | cortex |
Name the parts of the brain | crebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem |
What part of the brain continous with the spinal cord | brainstem |
What does the brainstem consist of | midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata |
What is the largest part of the brain | cerebrum |
What is another name for the cerebrum | forebrain |
What is the forebrain is divided | into lobes and lobules |
What is the stemlike portion that connects the cerebrum and the pons and cerebellum | midbrain |
What makes up the hindbrain | cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata |
What is the deep cleft that seperates the cerebrum in right and left hemispheres | longitudinal sulcus |
What is the name of the fluid filled cavity that is contained in each of the cerebral hemisphere | lateral ventricle |
At the diencephalon, or second portion of the brain, the thalami surrounds ________ ________ | third ventricle |
What gland is the mastery endocrine gland of the body and is inferior to the diencephalon | pituitary gland |
Where do the pituitary gland reside | in the hypophyseal of the sella turcica |
What forms the upper part of the hindbrain, and is the commissure or bridge between the cerebrum, cerebellum, and medulla oblongata | pons |
What extends between the pons and the spinal cord, and forms the lower portion of the hindbrain | medulla oblongata |
What extends from the brain where it connects to the medulla oblongata at the level of the foramen magnum | spinal cord |
To what level do the spinal cord extends | to the level of the space between the first and second lumbar vertebrea |
Where do the spinal cord ends | in the pointed extremity called the conus medullaris |
How long is the adult spinal cord | 18 to 20 inches long |
The spinal cord is connecte to how many pairs of nerves | 31 |
What are the nerves transmitted through | intervertebral and sacral foramina |
The nerves resemble _______ and is referred to the _________ | horse's tail, cauda equina |
What does the nerves and spinal cord work together to perform | transmit and receive sensory, motor, and reflex messages to and from the brain |
What is the inner sheath of the spinal cord called | pia mater |
What is the latin name for the inner sheath of the spinalcord | tender mother |
What is the central sheath of the spinal cord called | arachnoid |
What does the ventricles of the brain and the subarachnoid contain | CSF Cerebrospinal fluid |
What is the function of the cerebrospinal fluid | surrounds and cushions the structures of the CNS |
What is the outer most sheath of the spinal cord called | dura mater |
what is the latin name of the outer most sheath of the spinal cord called | hard mother |
What does the outer sheath of the spinal cord formed | the strong fibrous covering of the brain and spinal cord |
How far do the dura mata extends | below the spinal cord ( to the second level of the sacral segment) |
What is the function of the dura mater | to enclose the spinal nerves |
How are the spinal nerves prolonged | inferiorly from the cord to their respective exits |
What is the lower portion of the dura mater called | the dura sac |
What is enclosed by the dura sac | the cauda equina |
What are the two upper chambers of the brain called | right and left lateral ventricles |
What is the central portion of the lateral ventricle called | the body |
How is the body of the wo lateral ventricles prolonged | anteriorly, posteriorly, and inferiorly into hornlike portions |
What connects each lateral ventricle to the third ventriclee | by a channel called the interventricular foramen |
What is the slitlike cavity of the brain witha quadrilateralshape | third ventricle |
What is diamond shaped and is located in the area of the hindbrain | fourth ventricle |
where is the fourth ventricle located | anterior to the cerebellum and posterior to the pons |
Where do the cerebrospinal fluid exit | fourth ventricle |
What can be employed to demonstrate bony anatomy | radiographs of the cerebral and visceral cranium and rhe vertebral column |
Why are radiograohs obtained | to detect bony injury, sublaxation, or dislocation of the vertebral column and determine the extent and stability of the bony injury |
What should be obtained before myelogtaphy | radiographs of the spine |
Why is a noncontrast spinal image used | because the contrast agents used in myelography may obscure some abnomalities |
what complements the myelographic examination and often provide additional information | noncontrast spinal images |
What is myelography | radiography examination of the CNS structures situated within the vertebral canal |
How is the myelography performed | by introducing a nonionic, water soluable contrast medium into the subarachnoid space by spinal puncture |
Where does the spinal puncture of the myelography take place | from L2-L3 or L3-L4 (2). cisterna magnum btween C1 and the occipital bone |
What are the term for the injection into the subarachnoid space | intrathecal injection |
What basis are the myelographs performed | outpatient basis |
What is the recovering time for patient after the procedure and they are allowed to go home | 4 to 8 hrs |
What has largely replaced myelographs | MRI |
What do myelography demonstrates | spinal cord compression caused by a herniated disk, bone fragments, tumors and spinal cord swelling resulting from traumatic injury |
What is useful in identifying narrowing of the subarachnoid space by evaluating the dynamic flow of the CSF | Myelography |
What type of contrast was introduced in 1942 | a non water soluable, iodinated este |
True or False: In 1942 the non water soluable iodinated ester could be obsorbed by the body | False |
What provide good visualization of nerve roots and good enhancement for the follow-up CT of the spine | non water soluable contrast media |
What water soluable agents have commonly been used for myelography | iopamidol and iohexol |
What should technologist who perform myelography be educated in | the use of contrast media |
What can cause severe and fatal neurtoxic reactions | intrathecal administration of ionic contrast media |
Where are departments encouraged to store contrast media for myelographs | seperately from other agents |
How many times should contrast vials be checked | 3 times |
True or False: The contrast vial should be checked with the physician proforming the examination | True |
What should the appropriate completed documentation contain | lot number and expiration date of contrast media |
What is the responsibility of the radiographer before the patient arrive | prepare the examination room |
What should be cleaned because the procedure involves aseptic techniques | table, and overhead equipment |
The ________ should be attached to the table and the ______________ should be placed and ready for adjustment to the patient height | footboard, padded shoulder supports |
What should be locked so it cannot accidently come in contact with the spinal needle, sterile field, or both | image intensifier |
Where is the spinal puncture and contrast medium injection performed | radiology department |
Under what observationis the contrast injection made | fluoroscopic |
What size is the spinal guage needle | 2o to 22 guage needle |
Where is the 20 to 22 guage needle for the spinal puncture and contrast medium injected | in the subarachnoid space |
What must be verified first before the contrast medium injection is administered | the subarachnoid space |
What must the radiographer do before the examination begins | explain the details of the myelograph |
What should the patient be informed about the radijograph table | the the angulation of the table will be repeatedly changed and acutely changed |
What images are often requested after the examination procedure | scout images including a cross table lateral lumbar spine prone |
For the spinal puncture how do the physician perfer the patient to be positioned | placed on the table in the prone position |
What position of the patient do the physicians perfer to widen the interspinous spaces for easier introduction of the needle | the lateral position with the spine flexed |
what does the physician usually withdraws for laboratory analysis | CSF |
How much nonionic contrast medium does the physician injects after withdrawing CSF | 9 to 12 mL |
What allows gravity to direct the contrst to the area of interest | the angulationof the table |
What is taken throughout the procedure | spot images |
For the conus projection in the AP position where is the central ray centered | to T12-L1 |
True or False: The conus projection in the AP position used a cassette | True |
Why is the position of the patient's head important in a cervical myelograph | to prevent the medium from passing into the cerebral ventricles |
How is the head positioned for the myelograph of the cervical | acute extension of the head |
Where sre the patients monitored after the procedure | in the recovery area |
How many degrees are the patient's head and shoulders elevated during recovery | 30 to 45 degrees |
What precautions are taken after the myelograph procedure | bedrest, plenty of fluids, puncture site examined before patient is released from the recovery area |
What is an noninvasive imaging technique introduced in 1970's | CT |
What allows for the changes of density and contrast of an image | digital image processing techniques in CT |
How is the CT examination of the brain commonly performed | in an axial orientation with the gantry placed in an an angle of 20 to 25 degrees |
What is the thickness of the slice often used in the CT imaging | 8 to 10mm |
What is required before and after IV injection of a nonionic water soluable contrast agent | CT scans of the brain |
what are the two nonionic water soluable contrast agent | preinfusion and postinfusion |
What are common indications of CT of the brain without an IV infusion of contrast material include______ | assessment of dementia, craniocerebral trauma, hydrocephalus and acute infarcts |
What is particularly useful for demonstrating the size, location, and configuration of mass lesions, hematomas, and aneurysums | CT of the brain |
What examination that can clearly demonstrate the size,number, and location of fracture fragments in the cervical, thoracic and lumbar spine | CT of the spine |
Preoperative what is used to assess the outcome of the surgical procedure | CT |
What involves the CT examination of the intrathecal injection of thewater soluable contrast agent | CTM (computed tomography of myelography) |
what are extremely useful in patients withcomprehensive injuries or in determining dural tears resulting in extravasation of the CSF | CTM |
In the 1980's what became the modality of choice for evaluating many anomalies of the brain and spinal cord | MRI |
What is an noninvasive procedures that provides excellent anatomic detail of the brain, spinal cord, intervertebral disk and CSF | MRI |
What procedures do not require intrathecal injection of a contrast agent | MRI of the spinal cord and subarachnoid space |
Which modality is basically blind to bone, unlike other conventional radiographic imaging modalities | MRI |
What allows sirect visualization of the cord, nerve roots, and surrounding CSF | MRI |
What paramagnetic IV contrast agents are used to enhance tumor visualization | gadolinium |
What are the contridictions to the MRI primarily related to | a magnetic field |
MRI should not be used on patients with what devices | pacemakers, ferromagnetic aneurysm clips, or metallic spinal fusion rods |
How is angiography used | to assess vascular supply to tumors, demonstrate the relationship between a mass lesion and intracebral vessels, or illustrate anomalies of a vessel, aneurysm, or a vascular occlusion |
What is the minimal focal spot size of an angiographic x-ray tube | 1.3 mm |
What is the minimal magnification focal size of an angiographic x-ray tube | 0.3mm |
What happens after the catheter is placed in the appropriate position | a nonionic water soluble contrast agent is injected into the vessels and rapid sequence images are obtained for evaluation |
What involves the placement of various coils, medications, filters, stents and other devices to treat a particular problem or provide therapy | Interventional radiology |
What are some therapeutic devices used in the cardiovascular ad interventional areas | filters, stents, shunts |
What are tems used to denote radiologic examination of individual intervertebral disks | Diskography and nucleography |
what is used in the investiation of internal disk lesion, such as rupture of he nucleus pulposus | diskography |
What have largely replaced diskography | MRI, CTM |
What procedures used to treat spinal compression fractures and other pathologies of the vertebral bodies that do not respond to conserative treatment | Vertebralplasty and kyphoplasty |
What is defined as the injection of a radiopaque bone cement into a painful compression fracture under fluoroscopic guidance | Percutaneous vertebroplasty |
What is advanced into the fractured vertebral body under fluoroscopy in the percutaneous vertebralplasty | a specialized trocar needle |
What stabilizes fracture fragments and leads to reduction in pain | cement |
What postprocedural projections of the spine is included to confirm cement position | the AP and lateral projections |
How do the kyphoplsty differ from the percutaneous kyphoplasty | in that balloon catheter is used to expand the compressed vertebral body before the injection of the bone cement |
What can help restore the spine to a more normal curature and reduce hunchback deformities | kyphoplasty |
What is the success rate of the use of kyphoplasty and vertebroplasty | 80 to 90 percent |
What is the complication of the vertebralplasty andkyphoplasty | leakage of cement before it hardens |
What complications have been reported in the use of vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty | embolism and death |
What should discusse with the patient about the vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty procedures | risks, benefits, and alternatives |
What are recommended for technologist that are performing these procedures of ertbroplasty and kypoplasty | educated in these procedures and make sure that an informed consent has been documented |
Radiographic examination of the of the blood vessels after the injection of contrast medium | angiograhy |
A thin delicate membrane surrounding the brain and spinal cord | arachnoid |
The portionof the central nervous system contained within the cranium | brain |
A collection of nerves licated iin the spinal canal inferior to the spinal ccord | cauda equina |
The part of the brain located in he posterior cranial fossa behind the brainstem | cerebellum |
The fluid that flows through and protect the ventricles, subarachnoid space, brain, and spinal cord | cerebrospinal fluid |
The largest uppermost portion of the brain | crebrum |
The most inferior portion of the spinal cord | conus medullaris |
The outer most surface of the brain | cortex |
The tough outer layer of the meninges, which lines the cranial cavity and spinal cord | dura mater |
Outside or above the dura mater | epidural space |
An IV ontrat medium | gadolinium |
The portion ofthe brain within the posterior fossa; it includes the pons, medulla oblongata and cerebrum | hindbrain |
A branch of radiology hat uses catheters to perform therapeutic procedures | interventional radiology |
An injection into the subarachnoid space of the spinal canal | intrathecal injection |
An interventional radiology procedure used to treat vertebral body compression fractures using a specialized balloon and bone cement | kyphoplasty |
An oval shaped area of the brain anterior to the medulla oblongata | pons |
Sectional images of the body produced with either CT or MRI | slices |
An extension of the medulla oblongata that runs hrough the spinal canal to the upper lumbar vertebrae | spinal cord |
An interventional radiology procedure used to treat vertebral body compression fractures by stabilizing bone fragments with cement | vertebroplasty |