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BIPN 100 Midterm 1
Midterm 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Diffusion | concentration is the driving force. ions are affected by electrical potential, uncharged molecules are not. |
| Osmosis | Diffusion of water down it's [gradient]. |
| Osmotic Pressure | the ability to draw water due to increasing concentration of solutes. Capillaries, blood, inerstitial fluid. Kidney and intestines |
| Lipid Soluble Molecules | gases, hormones, vitamins (ADEK), and some drugs (EtOH, aspirin) |
| Channel Proteins | Leak channels and Gated channels |
| Leak Channels | Always open |
| Gated Channels | voltage, ligand, mechanical, temperature |
| Channels may be.. | non-specific(gap jxns) or specific(size,charge) having varying levels of selectivity |
| Transporters | never full open, specific and direction given by [gradient] |
| Transporter types | Uniport, Symport, Antiport |
| Uniport | one type of molecule at a time (glucose transporters) |
| Symport | Co-transport. 2 substrates, at least one is a substrate for an ion pump. (Na/Glu Pump) |
| Antiport | Binds 2 substrates, one on opposite side. Molecules are exchanged (Na/H pump, Cl/HCO3 pump, Na/Ca pump) |
| Ohm's Law | V=IR, where V=potential difference in volts (driving force). I= current. R= resistance. |
| Electrical activity is carried by.. | ions (current, I) |
| Resting membrane potential | the electrical gradient between extracellular and intracellular fluid. resting means steady state, not changing. potential means potential E stored by the gradient. |
| Equilibrium Potential | When the the electrical gradient exactly opposes the ion gradient, therefore not net movement |
| Types of G Proteins | G-alpha s, G-alpha i, G-alpha q |
| G-alpha s | stimulates adenylylcyclase-> makes cAMP + Pi ->PKA -> proteins are phosphorylated |
| G-alpha i | inhibits adenylylcyclase-> decreases cAMP->inhibts PKA ->fewer proteins are phosphorylated |
| G-alpha q | activates phospolipase-C ->attacks phospholipds-> cleaves the phosphoester bond of PIP2-> IP3(cytosol->ER->Ca release->sk.musc and incr. secretion of vesicles) + DAG(stays in mbrn) |
| Signal Termination of GPCR | Remove ligand/NT/hormone. The alpha subunit releases GDP and hydrolyzes GDP->GTP(off)->alpha subunit can't activate downstream and rebinds w/beta and gamma (hydrolyze GTP to reverse rxn). Or phosphodiasterase inactivates cAMP->stops activating PKA |
| Ach nicotinic receptor | increases the conductance of Na/K leading to strong depolarization |
| Glutamate | has 2 receptors, AMDA(Na Channels)/NMDA(Na/Ca voltage dep). Hippocampus - involved in memory processing and learning (longterm potentiation) |
| EPSP | excitatory postsynaptic potential. allow Na to enter the cell. depolarizing->AP more likely to fire |
| IPSP | inhibitory postsynaptic potential. hyperpolarizing |
| GABA | Main inhibitory NT in the brain. Opens Cl channels and brings (-) ->hyperpolarizing. 2 classes of drugs:barbituates and benzydiastines, prescribed for anxiety |
| Catacholamines | signal molecule formed from tyrosine. includes: epi, norepi and dopamine |
| Chemical alteration of tyrosine | tyrosie(gets hydroxylated)->L-DOPA (gets decarboxylated)->dopamine(gets hydroxylated)->NE(methylated)->E |
| schizophrenia | associate w/increased levels of dopamine. psychotics block the increase of dopamine |
| parkinsons | disease of motor regulation, hyper activity of motor pathways, tremors (decrease in dopamine) |
| Andrenergic Receptors | Respond to norepinephrine and epinephrine. |
| Alpha Andrenergic receptors have a greater affinity for | Norepinephrine (alpha 1 w/G-alpha q)(alpha 2 w/ G-alpha i) |
| Beta Andrenergic receptors have a greater affintiy for | Epinepherine (Beta 1, Beta 2 w/G-alpha s) |
| Beta 1 Andrenergic receptor leads to | increased HR, increased heart contractions |
| Beta 2 Andrenergic receptor leads to | vasodilation, bronchiodilation (epi pen for allergic rxn), inhibits smooth muscle contraction |
| Alpha 1 Andrenergic receptor leads to | responses medieated w/ G-alpha q. increases intercellular Ca, causing smooth muscle contraction and or secretion |
| Alpha 2 Andrenergic receptor leads to | regulated by G-alpha i. inhibit cAMP |
| Midbrain | contains neurons that participate in eye movement, and certain visual and auditory and vestibular reflexes |
| Medulla Oblongata | has fused neuron network (gray matter) with pons->reticular formation. Reticular activating system (RAS), functions to stim the brain and responsible for wakefulness. input from GABA receptors promotes sleep. |
| Pons | modulate respiratory centers in the medulla oblongata. involve in inputs/outputs of cerebellum and positional outputs(equilibrium) |
| Cerebellum | motor control and coordination. coordinated movements and planning of the movements evokes proper function of this organ. receives input from various sensor cells (proprioceptors, vestibular inputs. controls reflexes involved with equilibrium. |
| Diencephalon | top of the brain stem. thalamus/hypothalamus are derived from it. |
| thalamus | relay station for all sensory input except olfactory |
| hypothalamus | major regulatory center. functions in emotions, circadian rhythm, thermoregulation. main sympathetic sensor(thermoreg). osmoregulation/volume regulation. releases ADH(incr thirst). appetite reg(feeding/satiety) |
Created by:
jriendea