Midterm 1

Help!

Question

Answer

Diffusion

concentration is the driving force. ions are affected by electrical potential, uncharged molecules are not.

🗑

Osmosis

Diffusion of water down it's [gradient].

🗑

Osmotic Pressure

the ability to draw water due to increasing concentration of solutes. Capillaries, blood, inerstitial fluid. Kidney and intestines

🗑

Lipid Soluble Molecules

gases, hormones, vitamins (ADEK), and some drugs (EtOH, aspirin)

🗑

Channel Proteins

Leak channels and Gated channels

🗑

Leak Channels

Always open

🗑

Gated Channels

voltage, ligand, mechanical, temperature

🗑

Channels may be..

non-specific(gap jxns) or specific(size,charge) having varying levels of selectivity

🗑

Transporters

never full open, specific and direction given by [gradient]

🗑

Transporter types

Uniport, Symport, Antiport

🗑

Uniport

one type of molecule at a time (glucose transporters)

🗑

Symport

Co-transport. 2 substrates, at least one is a substrate for an ion pump. (Na/Glu Pump)

🗑

Antiport

Binds 2 substrates, one on opposite side. Molecules are exchanged (Na/H pump, Cl/HCO3 pump, Na/Ca pump)

🗑

Ohm's Law

V=IR, where V=potential difference in volts (driving force). I= current. R= resistance.

🗑

Electrical activity is carried by..

ions (current, I)

🗑

Resting membrane potential

the electrical gradient between extracellular and intracellular fluid. resting means steady state, not changing. potential means potential E stored by the gradient.

🗑

Equilibrium Potential

When the the electrical gradient exactly opposes the ion gradient, therefore not net movement

🗑

Types of G Proteins

G-alpha s, G-alpha i, G-alpha q

🗑

G-alpha s

stimulates adenylylcyclase-> makes cAMP + Pi ->PKA -> proteins are phosphorylated

🗑

G-alpha i

inhibits adenylylcyclase-> decreases cAMP->inhibts PKA ->fewer proteins are phosphorylated

🗑

G-alpha q

activates phospolipase-C ->attacks phospholipds-> cleaves the phosphoester bond of PIP2-> IP3(cytosol->ER->Ca release->sk.musc and incr. secretion of vesicles) + DAG(stays in mbrn)

🗑

Signal Termination of GPCR

Remove ligand/NT/hormone. The alpha subunit releases GDP and hydrolyzes GDP->GTP(off)->alpha subunit can't activate downstream and rebinds w/beta and gamma (hydrolyze GTP to reverse rxn). Or phosphodiasterase inactivates cAMP->stops activating PKA

🗑

Ach nicotinic receptor

increases the conductance of Na/K leading to strong depolarization

🗑

Glutamate

has 2 receptors, AMDA(Na Channels)/NMDA(Na/Ca voltage dep). Hippocampus - involved in memory processing and learning (longterm potentiation)

🗑

EPSP

excitatory postsynaptic potential. allow Na to enter the cell. depolarizing->AP more likely to fire

🗑

IPSP

inhibitory postsynaptic potential. hyperpolarizing

🗑

GABA

Main inhibitory NT in the brain. Opens Cl channels and brings (-) ->hyperpolarizing. 2 classes of drugs:barbituates and benzydiastines, prescribed for anxiety

🗑

Catacholamines

signal molecule formed from tyrosine. includes: epi, norepi and dopamine

🗑

Chemical alteration of tyrosine

tyrosie(gets hydroxylated)->L-DOPA (gets decarboxylated)->dopamine(gets hydroxylated)->NE(methylated)->E

🗑

schizophrenia

associate w/increased levels of dopamine. psychotics block the increase of dopamine

🗑

parkinsons

disease of motor regulation, hyper activity of motor pathways, tremors (decrease in dopamine)

🗑

Andrenergic Receptors

Respond to norepinephrine and epinephrine.

🗑

Alpha Andrenergic receptors have a greater affinity for

Norepinephrine (alpha 1 w/G-alpha q)(alpha 2 w/ G-alpha i)

🗑

Beta Andrenergic receptors have a greater affintiy for

Epinepherine (Beta 1, Beta 2 w/G-alpha s)

🗑

Beta 1 Andrenergic receptor leads to

increased HR, increased heart contractions

🗑

Beta 2 Andrenergic receptor leads to

vasodilation, bronchiodilation (epi pen for allergic rxn), inhibits smooth muscle contraction

🗑

Alpha 1 Andrenergic receptor leads to

responses medieated w/ G-alpha q. increases intercellular Ca, causing smooth muscle contraction and or secretion

🗑

Alpha 2 Andrenergic receptor leads to

regulated by G-alpha i. inhibit cAMP

🗑

Midbrain

contains neurons that participate in eye movement, and certain visual and auditory and vestibular reflexes

🗑

Medulla Oblongata

has fused neuron network (gray matter) with pons->reticular formation. Reticular activating system (RAS), functions to stim the brain and responsible for wakefulness. input from GABA receptors promotes sleep.

🗑

Pons

modulate respiratory centers in the medulla oblongata. involve in inputs/outputs of cerebellum and positional outputs(equilibrium)

🗑

Cerebellum

motor control and coordination. coordinated movements and planning of the movements evokes proper function of this organ. receives input from various sensor cells (proprioceptors, vestibular inputs. controls reflexes involved with equilibrium.

🗑

Diencephalon

top of the brain stem. thalamus/hypothalamus are derived from it.

🗑

thalamus

relay station for all sensory input except olfactory

🗑

hypothalamus

major regulatory center. functions in emotions, circadian rhythm, thermoregulation. main sympathetic sensor(thermoreg). osmoregulation/volume regulation. releases ADH(incr thirst). appetite reg(feeding/satiety)

🗑

Review the information in the table. When you are ready to quiz yourself you can hide individual columns or the entire table. Then you can click on the empty cells to reveal the answer. Try to recall what will be displayed before clicking the empty cell.

To hide a column, click on the column name.

To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.

You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.

Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.

Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.

Normal Size Small Size show me how

Created by: jriendea