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exam1-ch1
cardenas psy
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| behavior | Everything we do that can be directly observed |
| behavioral approach | An approach to psychology emphasizing the scientific study of observable behavioral responses and their environmental determinants |
| biological approach | An approach to psychology focusing on the body, especially the brain and nervous system |
| case study | Also called a case history, an in depth look at a single individual |
| cognitive approach | An approach to psychology emphasizing the mental processes involved in knowing: how we direct our attention, perceive, remember, think, and solve problems |
| confederate | A person who is given a role to play in a study so that the social context can be manipulated |
| control group | The participants in an experiment who are as much like the experimental group as possible and who are treated in every way like the experimental group except for a manipulated factor, the independent variable |
| correlational research | Research that examines the relationships between variables, whose purpose is to examine whether and how two variables change together |
| critical thinking | The process of thinking deeply and actively, asking questions, and evaluating the evidence |
| demand characteristics | Any aspects of a study that communicate to the participants how the experimenter wants them to behave |
| dependent variable | The outcome, the factor that can change in an experiment in response to changes in the independent variable |
| double blind experiment | An experimental design in which neither the experimenter nor the participants are aware of which participants are in the experimental group and which are in the control group until the results are calculated |
| evolutionary approach | An approach to psychology centered on evolutionary ideas such as adaptation, reproduction, and natural selection as the basis for explaining specific human behaviors |
| experiment | A carefully regulated procedure in which the researcher manipulates one or more variables that are believed to influence some other variable |
| experimenter bias | The influence of the experimenter's expectations on the outcome of research |
| external validity | The degree to which an experimental design actually reflects the real world issues it is supposed to address |
| functionalism | James's approach to mental processes, emphasizing the functions and purposes of the mind and behavior in the individual's adaptation to the environment |
| humanistic approach | An approach to psychology emphasizing a person's positive qualities, the capacity for positive growth, and the freedom to choose any destiny |
| hypothesis | An educated guess that derives logically from a theory; a prediction that can be tested |
| independent variable | A manipulated experimental factor, the variable that the experimenter changes to see what its effects are |
| internal validity | The degree to which changes in the dependent variable are due to the manipulation of the independent variable |
| longitudinal design | A special kind of systematic observation, used by correlational researchers, that involves obtaining measures of the variables of interest in multiple waves over time |
| mental processes | The thoughts, feelings, and motives that each of us experiences privately but that cannot be observed directly |
| natural selection | Darwin's principle of an evolutionary process in which organisms that are best adapted to their environment will survive and produce offspring |
| naturalistic observation | The observation of behavior in a real world setting |
| neuroscience | The scientific study of the structure, function, development, genetics, and biochemistry of the nervous system, emphasizing that the brain and nervous system are central to understanding behavior, thought, and emotion |
| operational definition | A definition that provides an objective description of how a variable is going to be measured and observed in a particular study |
| placebo | In a drug study, a harmless substance that has no physiological effect, given to participants in a control group so that they are treated identically to the experimental group except for the active agent |
| placebo effect | The situation where participants' expectations, rather than the experimental treatment, produce an experimental outcome |
| population | The entire group about which the investigator wants to draw conclusions |
| psychodynamic approach | An approach to psychology emphasizing unconscious thought, the conflict between biological drives (such as the drive for sex) and society's demands, and early childhood family experiences |
| psychology | The scientific study of behavior and mental processes |
| random assignment | Researchers' assignment of participants to groups by chance, to reduce the likelihood that an experiment's results will be due to preexisting differences between groups |
| random sample | A sample that gives every member of the population an equal chance of being selected |
| research participant bias | In an experiment, the influence of participants' expectations, and of their thoughts about how they should behave, on their behavior |
| sample | The subset of the population chosen by the investigator for study |
| science | The use of systematic methods to observe the natural world, including human behavior, and to draw conclusions |
| sociocultural approach | An approach to psychology that examines the ways in which social and cultural environments influence behavior |
| structuralism | Wundt's approach to discovering the basic elements, or structures, of mental processes |
| theory | A broad idea or set of closely related ideas that attempts to explain observations and to make predictions about future observations |
| third variable problem | The circumstance where a variable that has not been measured accounts for the relationship between two other variables |
| validity | The soundness of the conclusions that a researcher draws from an experiment. In the realm of testing, the extent to which a test measures what it is intended to measure |
| variable | Anything that can change |
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psy2011
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