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Mod 2 research
strategies in Psychology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Psychologists Paul Slovic and Baruch Fischoff have called the I-knew-it-all-along-phenomenon (the tendency to believe after learning an outcome, that one would've forseen it. | hindsight bias |
| thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions. | critical thinking |
| an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events. | theory |
| a testable prediction | hypothesis |
| a statement of the procedures used to define research variables. For example, human intelligence may be operationally defines as what an intelligence test measures. | operational definition |
| repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances.l | replication |
| an observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles. | case study |
| a technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of people, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of them. | survey |
| a good theory explains | organizing and linking observed facts, and implying hypotheses that offer testable predictions and practical applications. |
| Hindsight bias and overconfidence often lead us to | overestimate our intuition |
| Underlying all science is curiosity so scientist and psychologist approach the world of behavior with | curious skepticism |
| a theory | is an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events. |
| a hypothesis | is a testable prediction, often implied by a theory. |
| a statement of the procedures used to define research variables. For example (intelligence) may be operationally defined as what an intelligence test measures. | operational definition |
| repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances. | replication |
| a case study is | an observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles. |
| repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances. | "aid to the needy" than "welfare", "affirmitave action than "prefential treatment", "revenue enhancers" than "taxes". |
| the oldest research method is | the case study |
| a technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of people, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of them. | a survey |
| the scientific method | a self-correcting process for asking question and observing nature's answers. theory, hypothesis, research/observations, replication, generate or refine for -theory. |
| population | all the cases in a group from which samples may be drawn for a study. |
| random sample | a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion. |
| observing and recording behaviro in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation. | naturalistic observation |
| a measure of the extent to which two factors vary together and thus of how well either factor predicts the other. The correlation coefficient is the mathematical expression (statistical measure) of the relationship ranging fro -1 to +1. | correlation |
| a positvie correlation | indicates a direct relationship that two things increase or decrease together. |
| a negative correlation | indicates an inverse relationship- as one increases the other decreases. |
| correlation does/does not prove causation | does not |
| illusory correlation | the perception of a relationship where none exists. eg. superstitions, more babies are born on a full moon, weather changes trigger arthritis pain. |
| experiment | a research method in which an investigator manipultates one or more factors(IV)to observe the effect on some behavior or mental processes(DV). By random assignment of participants the experimenter aims to control other relevant factors. |
| random assignment | assigning research participants to experimental and control conditions by chance, thus minimizing prexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups. |
| an experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant(blind) about whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo. Commonly used in drug evaluation studies. | double-blind procedure |
| experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inherent substance or condition which is assumed to ba an active agent. | placebo |
| the group in an experiment that is exposed to the treatment to one version of the independent variable. | experimental group |
| the group in an experiment that contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment. | control group |
| independent variable | the experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied. |
| dependent variable | the outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable. |
| culture | the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large grop of people and transmitted from one generation to the next. |
Created by:
Msmlb_93
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