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Ciccarelli - Ch. 1
Ciccarelli & White (2009) - Chapter 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The scientific study of behavior and mental processes | psychology |
| the process of examining and measuring one's own thoughts and mental activities | objective introspection |
| early perspective in psychology associated with Wilhelm Wundt and Edward Titchner, in which the focus of study is the structure or basic elements of the mind | structuralism |
| early perspective in psychology associated with William James, in which the focus of study is how the mind allows people to adapt, line, work, and play | functionalism |
| early perspective in psychology focusing on perception and sensation, particularly the perception of patterns and whole figures | gestalt psychology |
| the theory and therapy based on the work of Sigmund Freud | psychoanalysis |
| the science of behavior that focuses on observable behavior only | behaviorism |
| modern version of psychoanalysis that is more focused on the development of a sense of self and the discovery of others motivations behind a person's behavior than sexual motivations | psychodynamic perspective |
| modern perspective that focuses on memory, intelligence, perception, problem solving, and learning | cognitive perspective |
| study of the physical changes in the brain and nervous system during thinking | cognitive neuroscience |
| perspective that focuses on the relationship between social behavior and culture | sociocultural perspective |
| perspective that attributes human and animal behavior to biological events occurring in the body | biopsychological perspective |
| perspective that focuses on the biological bases of universal mental characteristics that all humans share | evolutionary perspective |
| a medical doctor who has specialized in the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders | psychiatrist |
| either a psychiatrist or a psychologist who has special training in the theories of Sigmund Freud and his method of psychoanalysis | psychoanalyst |
| a professional with an academic degree and specialized in one or more ares of psychology | psychologist |
| system of gathering data so that bias and error in measurement are reduced | scientific method |
| tentative explanation of a phenomenon based on observations | hypothesis |
| in research, repeating a study or experiment to see if the same results will be obtained in an effort to demonstrate reliability of results | replicate |
| tendency of people or animals to behave differently from normal when they know they are being observed | observer effect |
| a naturalistic observation in which the observer becomes a participant in the group being observed | participant observation |
| tendency of observers to see what they expect to see | observer bias |
| study of one individual in great detail | case study |
| randomly selected sample of subjects from a larger population of subjects | representative sample |
| the entire group of people or animals in which the researcher is interested | population |
| a measure of the relationship between two variables | correlation |
| a number derived from the formula for measuring a correlation and indicating the strength and direction of a correlation | correlation coefficient |
| a deliberate manipulation of a variable to see if corresponding changes in behavior result, allowing the determination of cause-of-effect relationships | experiment |
| definition of a variable of interest that allows it to be directly measured | operational definition |
| variable in an experiment that is manipulated by the experimenter | independent variable |
| variable in an experiment that represents the measurable response or behavior of the subjects in the experiment | dependent variable |
| subjects in an experiment who are subjected to the independent variable | experimental group |
| subjects in an experiment who are not subjected to the independent variable and who may receive a placebo treatment | control group |
| process of assigning subjects to the experimental or control groups randomly, so that each subject has an equal chance of being in either group | random assignment |
| the phenomenon in which the expectations of the participants in a study can influence their behavior | placebo effect |
| tendency of the experimenter's expectations for a study to unintentionally influence the results of the study | experimenter effect |
| study in which the subjects do not know if they are in the experimental or the control group | single-blind study |
| study in which neither the experimenter not the subjects know if the subjects are in the experimental or control group | double-blind study |
| making reasoned judgments about claims | critical thinking |
| systems of explaining human behavior that are not based on or consistent with scientific evidence | pseudopsychologies |
Created by:
MCPinkie05
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