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Pharm Unit One - C
Lilley Chapters 2, 3, 5
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Agonist | A drug that binds to and stimulates the activity of one or more receptors in the body. |
| Antagonist | A drug that binds to and inhibits the activity of one or more receptors in the body. Also called inhibitors. |
| Additive effects | effect of combination of two or more drugs with similar actions equals the sum of the individual effects. 1+1=2 |
| Antagonistic effects | effect of combination of two or more drugs is less than the sum of the individual effects. 1+1 = less than 2. |
| What is the cause of antagonistic effects? | usually caused by an antagonizing effect of one drug on another |
| Bioavailability | a measure of the extent of drug absorption for a given drug and route (0% to 100%) |
| Biotransformation | one or more biochemical reactions involving a parent drug. occurs mainly in the liver and produces a metabolite that is either inactive or active. Also known as metabolism. |
| Cytochrome P-450 | general name for a large class of enzymes that play a significant role in drug metabolism. |
| Dissolution | The process by which solid forms of drugs disintegrate in the gastrointestinal tract and become soluble before being absorbed into the circulation. |
| Pharmacology | the study or science of drugs |
| Pharmacokinetics | the study of drug distribution among various body compartments after a drug has entered the body, including the phases of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. |
| Pharmaceutics | the science of preparing and dispensing drugs, including dosage form design |
| Adverse drug event | Any undesirable occurrence related to administering or failing to administer a prescribed medication. |
| Adverse effects | A general term for any undesirable effects that are a direct response to one or more drugs |
| Allergic reaction | a type of adverse drug event |
| Chemical name | the name that describes the chemical composition and molecular structure of a drug |
| Contraindication | Any condition, esp. one related to a disease state or other pt characteristic, including current or recent drug therapy, that renders a particular form of treatment improper or undesirable. |
| Drug | Any chemical that affects the physiologic processes of a living organism |
| Drug actions | The cellular processes involved in the interaction between a drug and body cells; also called mechanism of action. |
| Pharmacology | the study or science of drugs |
| Pharmacokinetics | the study of drug distribution among various body compartments after a drug has entered the body, including the phases of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. |
| Pharmaceutics | the science of preparing and dispensing drugs, including dosage form design |
| Adverse drug event | Any undesirable occurrence related to administering or failing to administer a prescribed medication. |
| Adverse effects | A general term for any undesirable effects that are a direct response to one or more drugs |
| Allergic reaction | a type of adverse drug event |
| Chemical name | the name that describes the chemical composition and molecular structure of a drug |
| Contraindication | Any condition, esp. one related to a disease state or other pt characteristic, including current or recent drug therapy, that renders a particular form of treatment improper or undesirable. |
| Drug | Any chemical that affects the physiologic processes of a living organism |
| Drug actions | The cellular processes involved in the interaction between a drug and body cells; also called mechanism of action. |
| Drug effects | The physiologic reactions of the body to a drug. They can be therapeutic or toxic and describe how the function of the body is affected as a whole by the drug. The terms onset, peak, and duration are used. |
| Drug interaction | Alteration in the pharmacologic activity of a given drug caused by the presence of one or more additional drugs; it is usually related to effects on the enzymes required for metabolism of the involved drugs. |
| Duration of action | the length of time the concentration of a drug in the blood or tissues is sufficient to elicit a response |
| First-pass effect | the initial metabolism in the liver of a drug absorbed from the GI tract before the drug reaches systemic circulation through the bloodstream. |
| Generic name. | nonproprietary name. much shorter and simpler than the chemical name and is not protected by trademark |
| Half-life | the time required for half of an administered dose of drug to be eliminated by the body, or the time it takes for the blood level of a drug to be reduced by 50%. |
| Incompatibility | the characteristic that causes two parenteral drugs or solutions to undergo a reaction when mixed or given together that results in the chemical deterioration of at least one of the drugs. |
| Medication error | any preventable adverse drug event involving inappropriate medication use by a patient or health care professional; it may or may not cause harm to the pt |
| Metabolite | A chemical form of a drug that is the product of one or more biochemical (metabolic) reactions involving the parent drug. |
| Active metabolites | have pharmacologic activity of their own, even if the parent drug is inactive. |
| Inactive metabolites | lack pharmacologic activity and are simply drug waste products. |
| Onset of action | time required for a drug to elicit a therapeutic response after dosing |
| Parent drug | the chemical form of a drug that is administered before it is metabolized by the body's biochemical reactions into its active or inactive metabolites. |
| Peak effect | the time required for a drug to reach its maximum therapeutic response in the body |
| Pharmacodynamics | the study of the biochemical and physiologic interactions of drugs at their sites of activity. It examines the physiochemical properties of drugs and their pharmacologic interactions with body receptors. |
| Pharmacotherapeutics | the treatment of pathologic conditions through the use of drugs |
| Prodrug | an inactive drug dosage form that is converted to an active metabolite by various biochemical reactions once it is inside the body |
| Steady state | the physiologic state in which the amount of drug removed via elimination is equal to the amount of drug absorbed with each dose. |
| Therapeutic drug monitoring | the process of measuring drug peak and trough levels to gauge the level of a pt's drug exposure and allow adjustment of dosages with the goals of maximizing therapeutic effects and minimizing toxicity. |
| Therapeutic effect | the desired or intended effect of a particular medication |
| Therapeutic index | the ratio btwn the toxic and therapeutic concentrations of a drug |
| Tolerance | Reduced response to a drug after prolonged use |
| Toxic | the quality of being poisonous |
| Trade name | proprietary name |
| Trough level | the lowest concentration of drug reached in the body after it falls from its peak level, usually measured in a blood sample for therapeutic drug monitoring. |
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