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AP psych Ch. 5 + 6
Sensation Ch. 5 + 6 Pg. 197-269
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Sensation | detecting physical energy from the environment and encoding it as neural signals. |
| Bottom-Up Process | begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brains integration of sensory information. |
| Perception | selecting, organizing, and interpreting our sensations. |
| Top-Down Process | Information processing guided by higher-level mental process. |
| Psychophysics | The study of how physical energy relates to our psychological experience. |
| Absolute Thresholds | The minimum stimulation necessary to detect a particular light, sound, pressure, taste, or odor 505 of the time. |
| Signal Detection Theory | A theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus amid background stimulation. |
| Subliminal | Below one’s absolute threshold for conscience awareness. |
| Priming | bringing up old memories without being conscience of it. |
| Difference Threshold | the minimum difference threshold a person can detect between any two stimuli half the time. |
| Sensory Adaptation | Diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation. |
| Transduction | the process by which our sensory systems encode stimulus energy as neural messages. |
| Wavelength | The distance from one wave peak to the next determines its hue. |
| Hue | The color we experience. (Blue, green) |
| Intensity | The amount of energy in light waves, influences brightness. |
| Pupil | the adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters. |
| Iris | controls the size of the pupil. |
| Lens | Focuses the incomining rays into an image. |
| Accommodation | Focus near or far objects. |
| Retina | Rays focus in a multilayer tissue. |
| Parallel Processing | Doing several things at once. |
| Color Vision | Objects reject (reflect) the long wavelengths of the color we perceive them to be. The actual color we make objects out to be is in our mental construction. |
| Young-Helmholtz trichromatic (three-color) theory | the retina has three types of color receptors, each especially sensitive to one of the three colors, red green, blue. |
| Opponent-opposite theory | opposing retinal processes (red-green, yellow-blue, white-black) enable color vision. |
| Color Consistency | Perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color, even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths by the object. |
| Audition | the sense or act of hearing. |
| Frequency | the number of complete wave-lengths that pass a point in a given time. |
| Pitch | a tone’s experienced highness or lowness; depends on frequency. (Short waves=high frequency, and high pitch, long waves= low frequency and low pitch). |
| Decibels | measuring unit for sound energy. |
| Inner ear | the innermost part of the ear containing the cochlea, semicircular canals and vestibular sacs. |
| Place Theory | the theory that links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea’s membrane is stimulated. Best explains how we sense high pitches. |
| Frequency Theory | the theory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense its pitch. Best explains how we sense low pitches. |
| Conduction Hearing loss | hearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea. |
| Sensorineural Hearing loss | (Nerve deafness) Hearing loss caused by damage to the cochlea’s receptor cells or the auditory nerves. |
| Cochlear Implant | (Bionic Ear) A device for converting sounds into electrical signals and stimulating the auditory nerve through electrodes threaded into the cochlea. |
| Touch | mix of 4 distinct skin senses –pressure, warmth, cold, and pain. |
| Gate control theory | the theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological “gate” that either blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain. |
| Sensory Interaction | the principle that one sense may influence another. (smell + texture + taste = flavor) |
| Vestibular sense | monitors the head's position and movement. |
| proximity | we group nearby figures together. We see not sex separate lines, but three sets of two lines. |
| Similarity | we group together figures that are similar to each others. Wesee the triangles and circles as vertical columns of similar shapes, not as horizontal rows of dissimilar shapes. |
| Continuity | We perceive smooth, continuous patters rather than discontinuous ones. This patter n could be a series of alternating semicircles, but we perceive it as two continuous lines – one wavy, one straight. |
| Connectedness | because they are uniform and linked, we perceive the two dots and the line between them as a single unit. |
| Closure | we fill in gaps to create a complete, whole object. |
| Visual Cliff | a laboratory device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals. |
| Binocular Cues | depth cues, such as retinal disparity and convergence that depend on the use of two eyes. |
| convergence | a neuromuscular cue caused by the eyes greater inward turn when they view a near object. |
| Monocular cues | depth cues, such as interposition and linear perspective, available to either eye alone |
| Relative Size | if we assume that two objects are similar in size, we perceive the one that casts the smaller retinal images as farther away. |
| Interposition | if one object partially blocks our view of another, we perceive it as closer. |
| Relative Clarity | because light from distance objects passes through more atmospheres, we perceive hazy objects as farther away than sharp, clear objects. |
| Texture Gradient | a gradual change from a coarse, distinct texture to a fine, indistinct texture signals increasing distance. |
| Relative Height | we perceive objects higher in our field of vision as farther away. |
| Relative Motion | As we move, objects that are actually stable may appear to move. |
| Linear Perspective | parallel lines, such as railroad tracks, appear to converge with distance. |
| Phi Phenomenon | an illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in quick succession. |
| Perceptual Constancy | perceiving objects as unchanging (having consistent lightness, color, shape, and size) even as illumination and retinal images change. |
| relative luminance | the amount of light an object reflects relative to its surroundings. |
| Perceptual Adaptation | in vision, the ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or even inverted visual field. |
| Perceptual Set | a mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another. |
| Human Factors Psychology | a branch of psychology that explores how people and machines interact and how machines and physical environments can be made safe and easy to use. |
| Extrasensory Perception(ESP) | the controversial claim the perception can occur apart from sensory input. Said to include telepathy, clairvoyance, and precognition. |
| Parapsychology | the study of paranormal phenomena, including ESP and psychokinesis. |
Created by:
the13pianist
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