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Review Psych - pkt 1
Review-Methods-Vocab
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Hindsight bias | the tendency upon hearing about research findings to think that one knew it all along. |
| Applied research | uses clear, practical applications. |
| Basic research | explores questions that are of interests to psychologists but are not intended to have immediate, real-world applications. |
| Hypothesis | expresses a relationship between two variables |
| Dependent variable | variable that changes due to manipulation of the independent variable. |
| Independent variable | what a researcher manipulates |
| Theory | explains some phenomenon and allows researchers to generate testable hypotheses with the hope of collecting data that support the theory. |
| Operational definitions | explain how you will measure a variable |
| Participants | subjects on which the research will be conducted. |
| Sampling | the process by which participants are selected |
| Sample | the group of participants |
| Population | anyone or anything that could be selected in the sample |
| Random selection | when every member of the population has and equal chance of being selected. |
| Stratified sampling | allows a researcher to ensure the sample represents the population on some criteria. (race, age, gender) |
| Laboratory experiments | conducted in a lab or a highly controlled environment the advantage is control |
| Field experiments | conducted out in the world advantage is more realistic |
| Experiment | showing a casual relationship through a carefully controlled experiment |
| Confounding variable | any difference between the experimental and control conditions, except for the independent variable, that might affect the dependent variable. |
| Assignment | participants are put into either the experimental or control groups |
| Random assignment | each participant has an equal chance of being place in any group. |
| Situation-relevant confounding variables | occurs when the experimental group and control group are placed in different environments |
| Experimenter bias | the unconscious tendency for researchers to treat members of the experimental and control groups differently to increase their chances of proving their hypothesis. |
| Double-blind procedure | neither the participants nor the researchers know if the participant is in the experimental or control group and therefore cannot affect results. |
| Demand characteristics | cues about the purpose of the study |
| Response or subject bias | the tendency for subjects to behave in certain ways. |
| Social desirability | the tendency to try to give politically correct answers |
| Experimental group | the group that gets the treatment operationalized in the independent variable |
| Control group | gets none of the independent variable. serves as a bases for comparison |
| Hawthorne effect | selecting a group of people on whom to experiment has been determined to affect the performance of the group, regardless of what is done to the individual |
| Placebo effect | allows researchers to separate the physiological effect of the drug from the psychological effects of people thinking they took the drug |
| Correlation | expresses a relationship between two variables without ascribing cause |
| Positive correlation | the presence of one thing predicts the presence other. |
| Negative correlation | the presence of one thing predicts the absence of the other |
| Survey method | very popular research design which involves asking people to fill out surveys. Can be used to investigate whether there is a relationship between two variables |
| Naturalistic observation | allows researchers to observe their participants in their natural habitats without interacting with them. Goal- get a realistic and rich picture of the participants' behavior. Control is sacrificed. |
| Case study | used to get a full, detailed picture of one participant of a small group of participants. Findings cannot be generalized into a larger population |
| Descriptive statistics | describe a set of data |
| Frequency distribution | summarizing data |
| Frequency polygons | line graphs |
| Histograms | bar graphs |
| Central tendency | attempt to mark the center of a distribution |
| Measures of variability | attempt to depict the diversity of the distribution |
| Normal curve | a theoretical bell-shaped curve |
| Correlations | measure the relationship between two variables |
| Correlation coefficient | shows the strength of the correlation -1 = perfect negative 1 = perfect positive |
| Scatter plot | plots.graphs pairs of values on the x-axis and y-axis |
| Inferential statistics | determine whether or not findings can be applied to the larger population from which the sample was selected. |
| Institutional review board (IRB) | reviews research proposals for ethical violations and/or procedural errors. |
Created by:
bluelipsblueveins
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