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Unit 2
research methods, ethics
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Hindsight Bias | we assume we could have predicted something before hand, think we know things |
| Overconfidence | we are more correct than we actually are, know more than we do |
| False Consensus Effect | we think more people agree with us than actually do, more people are like us than actually are |
| Critical Thinking | able to see both sides, skeptical, don’t just take what people say and believe it |
| Hypothesis | what you think, guess |
| Theory | explains what happens, proven |
| Operational Definitions | the exact specification of what you are going to study or experiment |
| Replication | repeating an experiment to see if there is any change in the results, may change variables |
| Naturalistic Observation | observing in natural environment without manipulating it, you have no control over situation or interaction, may be unethical |
| Case Study | you study one person in depth and apply what you learn to multiple individuals, good for rare or unique disorders |
| Survey | questionnaire, used to learn behavior and opinion or attitudes |
| Wording Effects | the way you word something affects the answer |
| Participant Bias (Nonresponse Bias) | people who participate are different than people who will not participate, most will participate because of extremely good or bad experience |
| Social Desirability Bias | people will give you the answer you are looking for due to social standards |
| Population | who you want to participate, everyone |
| Random Sample | subset of a population, each member has an equal chance to answer, select |
| Longitudinal Research Method | study development, change over time, few changing variables, takes a long time |
| Cross Sectional Method | look at different groups at the same time, doesn’t take long, changing variables |
| Correlational Research Method | how one thing is related to another, not always cause and effect |
| Strength vs. Direction | sign: relationship (negative, positive), number: strength (closer to 1 stronger, closer to 0 weaker) |
| Scatterplot (Scattergram) | positive correlation: one goes up, the other goes up, negative correlation: one goes up, the other goes down |
| Illusory Correlations | we see a relationship but there actually isn’t one |
| Experimentation | cause/effect, change things to see its effect |
| Field Experiment | natural/realistic environment, not as much control |
| Lab Experiment | controlled environment |
| Independent Variable | what you are changing |
| Dependent Variable | what you measure at the end, effect of independent variable |
| Experimental Group (Condition) | you manipulate, change, gets treatment |
| Control Group (Condition) | you don’t changes, used to compare, doesn’t get treatment |
| Random Assignment | randomly put people into experimental and control groups, you don’t pick, they don’t pick |
| Confounding Variables | variables other than independent variables that can still have an effect on the dependent variable |
| Experimenter Bias | the person that controls the experiment controls the random assignment, lead the group onto giving a certain answer that you want |
| Participant Bias (Demand Characteristics) | participant will change their behavior because of what they think is supposed to happen |
| Placebo Effect | fake but participant doesn’t know that, the effect of expectation alone |
| Hawthorne Effect | people know they are being watched so they change their behavior |
| Single Blind Procedure | only one group (experimenter) knows which group participants are in |
| Double Blind Procedure | experimenter and participants don’t know which group is which |
| Quasi Experimental Method | the only thing missing is random assignment because it is impossible |
| Informed Consent | researchers must inform potential participants in advanced about the general nature of the research and risks, participants must agree to it |
| Freedom to Withdraw | participants have the right to withdraw at any time or not participate |
| Deception | experimenter tells participant they are studying one thing but they are really studying something else, cannot be enough to change the participants mind about being part of a study |
| Debriefing | participants must receive a full explanation of the research when it is done |
| Do No Harm (Protection from Harm) | researchers may conduct studies that involve harm and discomfort only under certain circumstances and only with consent |
| Confidentiality | researchers must never release any data about individual participants |
| Animal Research Guidelines | must have humane treatment, don’t have all rights that humans have, no protection from harm |
| Institutional Review Board (IRB) | looks over studies to make sure ethics are good |
Created by:
slshepherd
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