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1) The body is capable of catabolizing many substances as sources of energy. Which of the following would be used as an energy source only after the depletion of other sources?
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1) The body is capable of catabolizing many substances as sources of energy. Which of the following would be used as an energy source only after the depletion of other sources?
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biology 41

biology fina

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1) The body is capable of catabolizing many substances as sources of energy. Which of the following would be used as an energy source only after the depletion of other sources? C) protein in muscle cells
1) The body is capable of catabolizing many substances as sources of energy. Which of the following would be used as an energy source only after the depletion of other sources? C) protein in muscle cells. 2) An animal that migrates great distances would obtain the greatest benefit from storing its energy as
3) Some nutrients are considered ʺessentialʺ in the diets of certain animals because C) they cannot be manufactured by the organism.
4) Animals require certain amino acids in their diet. An amino acid that is referred to as nonessential would bebest described as one that A) can be made by the animalʹs body from other substances.
5) Which of the following vitamins is correctly associated with its use? B) vitamin Aincorporated into the visual pigment of the eye 6) Which of the following is a fat-soluble vitamin?
7) Which of the following minerals is associated with its use in animals? A) calciumconstruction and maintenance of bone.
8) If the digestive systems of animals are to provide the energy needed for ATP and biosynthesis, which of the following diets would be most suitable? D) a diet that matches the ʺfood pyramidʺ for the species.
Dietary Supplement % DV Vitamin A 70 Vitamin C 100 Vitamin D 100 Vitamin E 150 Vitamin K 13 Vitamin B1 100 Vitamin B2 100 Folic acid 100 Vitamin B12 417 Calcium 20 Phosphorus 5 Iodine 100 Magnesium 25 Zinc 100 Copper 100 Chromium 125 Moly Etc. 9) Some of the vitamins and minerals in this supplement are found at less than 100%. Which is the most likely explanation?
10) After careful examination of the table, which of the following groups would you expect to benefit most from this supplement? B) senior citizens.
11) Folic acid supplements have become especially important for pregnant women. Why? D) Folic acid deprivation is associated with neural tube abnormalities in a fetus.
12) With which of the following is excessive iron absorption most likely to be associated? D) genetic disorders such as hemochromatosis.
13) During the process of digestion, fats are broken down when fatty acids are detached from glycerol. In addition,proteins are digested to yield amino acids. What do these two processes have in common? C) They involve the addition of a water molecule to break bonds (hydrolysis).
14) To leave the digestive tract, a substance must cross a cell membrane. During which stage of food processing does this take place? D) absorption.
15) Intracellular digestion of peptides is usually immediately preceded by which process? B) endocytosis.
16) Increasing the surface area directly facilitates which of the following digestive processes? A) hydrolysis B) absorption.
17) Which of the following is an advantage of a complete digestive system over a gastrovascular cavity? B) Specialized regions are possible.
18) Extracellular compartmentalization of digestive processes is an evolutionary adaptation in many animal phyla. Which of the following phyla is correctly paired with the compartment that first evolved in that phylum? C) Annelidacomplete alimentary canal.
19) Foods eaten by animals are most often composed largely of macromolecules. This requires the animals to have methods for which of the following? C) enzymatic hydrolysis.
20) Which of the following describes peristalsis in the digestive system? E) smooth muscle contractions that move food through the alimentary canal.
21) After ingestion, the first type of macromolecule to be worked on by enzymes in the human digestive system is B) carbohydrate.
22) What is the substrate of salivary amylase? B) starch.
23) Which of the following statements is true of mammals? C) The epiglottis prevents food from entering the trachea.
24) What part(s) of the digestive system have secretions with a pH of 2? B) stomach.
25) Which of the following statements describes pepsin? D) It begins the hydrolysis of proteins in the stomach.
26) Without functioning parietal cells, which of the following would you expect for an individual? A) not to be able to initiate protein digestion in the stomach.
27) Which of the following is true of bile salts? C) They emulsify fats in the duodenum.
28) Most nutrients absorbed into the lymph or bloodstream are in which form? C) monomers.
29) Which of the following enzymes has the lowest pH optimum? B) pepsin.
30) Where are the agents that help emulsify fat produced? E) 9.
31) Where does the complete digestion of carbohydrates occur? B) 4 only.
32) Where does the digestion of fats mostly occur? B) 4 only.
33) Which structure is home to bacteria that produce vitamins as by-products of their metabolism? C) 5.
34) How does the digestion and absorption of fat differ from that of carbohydrates? D) Most absorbed fat first enters the lymphatic system, whereas carbohydrates directly enter the blood.
35) Which of the following is a nutritional monomer that can be transported in the blood? C) fatty acid.
36) In which blood vessel is glucose concentration likely to vary the most? D) hepatic portal vessel.
37) Which of the following glandular secretions involved in digestion would be most likely released initially as inactive precursors? A) protein-digesting enzymes.
38) Adult lampreys attach onto large fish and feed regularly on their body fluids. Given this continuous supply of food, which one of the following is most likely missing in lampreys? D) stomach.
39) Which of the following would probably contribute to constipation? A substance that B) promotes water reabsorption in the large intestine.
40) Numerous adult humans are currently treated for reflux disorders. Which of the following has most contributed to correct diagnosis of this problem? C) ability to diagnose and treat H. pylori infection.
41) A hiatal hernia affects the function of the smooth muscle between the esophagus and the stomach. The hernia would be most likely to increase the frequency of which of the following? A) gastric reflux.
42) Bacteria are beneficial to animal nutrition, including that of humans. Which of the following is among their greatest benefits to us? D) production of biotin and vitamin K.
43) The pH of the gastric juice of the stomach is about 2 due to the formation of HCl. Where does this formation of HCl occur? D) in the lumen of the stomach.
44) The pH of the stomach is low enough and the protease activity high enough that the cells of the stomach itself are at risk of self-digestion. This is prevented by which of the following? B) mucus secretion and active mitosis of epithelial cells.
45) In general, herbivorous mammals have molars modified for C) grinding.
46) In which group of animals would you expect to find a relatively long cecum? B) herbivores.
47) Which of the following are adaptations to a carnivorous diet? D) bile salts.
48) Why are cattle able to survive on a diet consisting almost entirely of plant material? E) They have cellulose-digesting, symbiotic microorganisms in chambers of their stomachs.
49) Physical anthropologists locating the jaw bones of previously unknown vertebrate animal fossils are often able to assess the animalʹs diet especially because of clues from which of the following? B) the prevalence of specific kinds of teeth.
50) In which of the following would you expect to find an enlarged cecum? A) rabbits, horses, and herbivorous bears.
51) Coprophagy allows some animals to re-eat fecal material in order to recover more nutrients. In which of these animals would such behavior be displayed? C) rabbits and their relatives.
52) Microbial symbionts are especially important for nutritional support in which of the following? B) herbivores and omnivores.
The db gene product is required to respond to the satiety factor (the leptin receptor). 53) Leptin is a product of adipose cells. Therefore, a very obese mouse would be expected to have which of the following? D) mutation of ob or db.
54) Most obese humans produce normal or increased levels of leptin without satiety. Which might provide an answer to at least some human obesity if a means to do so is found? D) activation of receptors for leptin.
55) PKU (phenylketonuria) cannot ingest any more than tiny amounts of the amino acid phenylalanine without can be prevented by a severe restriction of phenylalanine in the diet. Which is the nutritional concept this preventive treatment? B) essential nutrients.
56) Which of the following occurs when digestion of organic molecules results in more energy-rich molecules than are immediately required by the animal? C) The excess is stored as glycogen.
57) Which of the following hormone actions will occur when more energy is required by a human? B) Blood glucagon increases.
58) When more energy sources are needed than are generated by diet, in which order does the animal draw on stored sources? C) liver glycogen, muscle glycogen, fat.
59) Obesity in humans is most likely to contribute to which of the following? D) type II diabetes and cardiovascular disease.
Self-Quiz Questions 1) Individuals whose diet consists primarily of corn would likely become E) malnourished.
2) Which of the following animals is incorrectly paired with its feeding mechanism? A) lionsubstrate feeder.
3) The mammalian trachea and esophagus both connect to the C) pharynx.
4) Which of the following enzymes works most effectively at a very low pH? C) pepsin.
5) Which of the following organs is incorrectly paired with its function? C) large intestinebile production.
6) After surgical removal of an infected gallbladder, a person must be especially careful to restrict dietary intake of D) fat.
7) The symbiotic microbes that help nourish a ruminant live mainly in specialized regions of the E) stomach.
8) If you were to jog a mile a few hours after lunch, which stored fuel would you probably tap? B) muscle and liver glycogen.
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