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Learning
psychology around us . ch 7 learning
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| learning is | a lasting change caused by experience |
| who were the fathers of learning? | ivan pavlov and edward thorndike |
| what are the two types of learning? | associative and non-associative |
| what is non associative learning? | learning that results from a single sensory cue. includes habituation and sensitization |
| what is habituation | a weakening of a response due to repeated presentation |
| what is sensitization | an increase of a response due to repeated stimulus presentation. |
| what is sensitization usually in response to? | punishment |
| what is associative learning? | connections that are formed between two or more stimuli |
| classical conditioning and operant conditioning are apart of what type of learning? | associative learning |
| what is importance of implicit memory to the notion of the unconscious? | we are not usually aware of our implicit memories and cannot recall them at will, but they are professed by the skills that we acquire |
| the most basic type of learning is | non-associative learning |
| learning is controlled by lab experiments. this is also known as what type of research? | experimental research |
| what form of learning does not involve the active participation of the learning? what does it attempt? | operant conditioning; also known as instrumental conditioning. it is learning in an attempt to receive rewards and void punishment |
| what was edward thorndikes "puzzle box" contraption? and what type of learning did it involve | thorndike placed a hungry cat in a cage that could escape by pressing a string. once it accidentally discovered this, it would more quickly engage in that behavior. involved operant conditioning |
| what was thorndike's law of effect? | behaviors leading to reward are more likely to occur again, and vise versa with punishment |
| what is the difference between positive and negative reinforcement? | positive = providing a motivating stimulus. <a> negative = removing a stimulus. |
| what is a positive punishment? | administers an unpleasant consequence for behavior. |
| what is a negative punishment? | involves taking away something pleasant |
| how does classical conditioning work? | unconditioned stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus, which becomes the conditioned stimulus that elicits a conditioned response |
| what is stimulus generalization? | similar but not identical stimuli can take the place of a CS. |
| little albert being scared of white beards in addition to white rats is an example of what? | stimulus generalization |
| what is systematic desensitization? | a repeated exposure to a feared object without the unconditioned stimulus |
| what are primary reinforcers? | a reinforcer that is intrinsically pleasurable. this includes fulfilling basic biological needs. ex) food |
| what is a secondary reinforcer? | a reinforcer that is associated with primary reinforcers. ex) money associated with food |
| what is intermittent or partial reinforcement? | behavior that is only sometimes reinforced |
| what is the fixed ratio schedule? | reinforcement that occurs after a specific number of responses. ex) frequent drinker card |
| what is the variable ratio schedule? | the number of responses required for reinforcement varies. ex) text messages |
| what is the fixed interval schedule? | reinforcement is based on the time elapsed. |
| what is shaping? | a method that involves giving rewards to actions that are increasingly closer to the desired final behavior |
| spatial navigation learning is an example of what? | learning without reinforcement |
| what is insight learning? | a sudden realization of a solution or leap in understanding new concepts |
| what is observational learning? | learning from watching the behavior of others |
| observation leads to what? | mimicry; or modeling, which is proof that learning has occurred. |
| bandura's experiment was | an experiment of observational learning. she showed children a video of a chick beating up a doll, and then after words the kids were twice as likely to beat up the doll too |
| the stroop effect - why the difficulty? | bottom-up processing interferes with the ability to focus on just one contradictory stimuli |
| what is evidence that there is no single learning center in the brain? | the fact that we can learn without our own awareness |
| classical conditioning of the eye blink response is associated with the | cerebellum |
| fear conditioning involves the | amyglada |
| reward learning relies on what neurotransmitter system? | the dopamine system |
| motor learning involves activation of what region of the brain? | the basal ganglia |
| spatial navigation learning and episodic learning in general involve what? | the hippocampus |
| what is long-term potentiation | a form of synaptic change that involves increased activity in post-synaptic cells after strong, repetitive stimulation |
| the phrase "cells that fire together, wire together" describes what process? | hebb's theory. cells that are activated at around the same time as one another have a stronger synapse |
| what the five types of major conditioning processes | acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery, generalization, discrimination |
| operant conditioning is similar to what law? | the law of effect |
| what is temporal contiguity? | the closeness in time between pairs of events that leads to association |
| yelling at a child for peeing in their pants is what type of punishment? | positive punishment |
| You buckle seat beat and annoying buzzer sound is removed. this is a negative _______ | reinforcer. it increases the likely hood that you will wear your seatbelt |
| latent learning is | done without reinforcement and is not used until called for |
| what are examples of latent learning? | spatial navigation and insight learning |
| all learning involves changes in what? | synaptic strength |
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