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Chap. 3 & 4
Intro to Sociology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Socialization | the lifelong social experience by which people develop their human potential and learn culture |
| personality | a person's fairly consistent patterns of acting, thinking, and feeling |
| id | Freud's term for the human being's basic drives |
| ego | Freud's term for a person's conscious efforts to balance innate pleasure seeking drives with the demands of society |
| superego | Freud's term for the cultural values and norms internalized by an individual |
| sensorimotor stage | Piaget's temr for the level of human development at which individuals experience the world only through their senses |
| preoperational stage | Piaget's term for the level of human development at which individuals first use language and other symbols |
| concrete operational stage | Piaget's term for the level of human development at which individuals first see causal connections in their surroundings |
| formal operational stage | Piaget's term for the level of human development at which individuals think abstractly and critically |
| self | George Herbert Mead's term for the part of an individual's personality composed of self-awareness and self-image |
| looking-glass self | Charles Horton Cooley's term for a self-image based on how we think others see us |
| significant others | people, such as parents, who have special importance for socialization |
| generalized other | Mead's term for widespread cultural norms and values we use as a reference in evaluating ourselves |
| peer group | a social group whose memebers have interests, social position, and age in common |
| anticipatory socialization | learning that helps a person achieve a desired position |
| mass media | the means for delivering impersonal communications to a vast audience. |
| social group | two or more people who identify with and interact with one another |
| primary group | a small social group whose members share personal and lasting relationships |
| secondary group | a large and impersonal social group whose memebers pursue a specific goal or activity |
| insrumental leadership | group leadership that focuses on the completion of tasks |
| expressive leadership | group leadership that focuses on the groups well-being |
| groupthink | the tendency of group members to to conform, resulting in a narrow view of some issue |
| reference group | a social group that serves as a point of refernece in making evaluations and decisions |
| in-group | a social group toward which a member feels respect and loyalty |
| out-group | a social group toward which a member feels a sense of competition or opposition |
| dyad | a social group with two members |
| triad | a social group with three members |
| network | a web of weak social ties |
| formal organization | a large secondary group organized to achieve its goals efficiently |
| tradition | values and beliefs passed from generation to generation |
| rationality | a way of thinking that emphasizes deliberate, matter-of-fact calculation of the most efficient way to accomplish a particular task |
| rationalization of society | Weber's term for the historical change from tradition to rationality as the main type of human thought |
| bureaucracy | an organizational model rationally designed to perform tasks efficiently |
| organizational environment | factors outside an organization that affect its operation |
| bureaucratic ritualism | a focus on rules and regulations to the point of undermining an organization's goals |
| bureaucratic inertia | the tendency of bureaucratic organizations to perpetuate themselves |
| oligarchy | the rule of the many by the few |
| scientific management | Frederick Taylor's term for the application of scientific principles to the operation of a business or other large organization |
Created by:
Shanti2
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