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AP Psych Midterm
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Introspection | the study of inner sensations, images, and feelings. |
| Functionalism | concerned with adaptive value of complex mental processes. |
| Humanistic psychology | emphasizes growth potential |
| Cognitive neuroscience | studies the relationship between reasoning capacities and brain functions |
| Who emphasized the importance of inherited traits? | Charles Darwin |
| Neuroscience links... | hormone levels and sexual motivation |
| Who helps people who suffer from excessive anxiety? | Clinical psychologist |
| Hypothesis = _____ | prediction |
| Naturalistic observation is | observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation. |
| Negative correlation | one set of info goes up while the other goes down |
| Placebo effects are associated with | double-blind procedures |
| Dependent variable | the variable that changes because of manipulations to the independent variable |
| Ethical psychologists use | confidentiality |
| Endorphins are | opiate like neurotransmitters |
| Sympathetic nervous system | the division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body |
| Endocrine system | "slow" chemical communication system; uses glands that secret hormones into the blood stream |
| Oldest region of the brain | brainstem |
| Cerebellum | coordinates movement |
| Hypothalamus | regulates hunger |
| Frontal lobes | involved with planning activities |
| Association areas | involved with mathematical and spatial reasoning |
| Plasticity | allows the brain to function after injury |
| Axons | transmit messages away from the cell body |
| Dendrites | transmit messages toward the cell body |
| Peripheral nervous system is made up of | sensory and motor neurons |
| Autonomic nervous system controls | bladder contractions |
| EEG monitors | electrical activity in the brain |
| Visual cortex is located | in the occipital lobes |
| Sleepwalking is associated with what sleep stage? | four |
| REM sleep is associated with | vivid dreams |
| Sleep apnea is connected to | obesity |
| Hypnotic pain relief is associated with | dissociation |
| Hypnosis is connected with | social influence and divide consciousness |
| Tolerance is connected to | neuro-adaptation |
| Selective attention is associated with | change blindness |
| Five stage sleep cycle is an example of | biological rhythms |
| Sleepiness is connected to | melatonin |
| Delta waves | slow, large brainwaves |
| Cronic sleep deprivations can suppress the | immune system |
| Cocaine causes | euphoria |
| Genome is | a human's complete set of genetic instructions |
| Nature-nurture interactions deal with | heredity and environment |
| What explain why older men marry younger women? | The evolutionary perspective |
| Gender typing | relates traditional masculine and feminine roles |
| Chromosomes are composed of | deoxyribonucleic acid DNA |
| Heritaility refers to | our genes |
| Placenta transfers ______ to the fetus | oxygen and nutrients |
| Piaget's theory emphasized important | schemas |
| Imprinting occurs during | a critical period |
| Secure attachment allows a child to | explore their surroundings |
| Authoritarian parentings emphasizes | "do as you're told" |
| Post conventional level of morality | when a person decides for themselves right and wrong |
| Erikson is associated with | role confusion |
| Stability or change emphasizes | how we change from childhood to adulthood |
| Nicotine is | a teratogen |
| Object permanence occurs during what stage? | sensorimotor |
| Autism is connected to | deficient social interaction |
| Identity is associated with | Erikson's psychosocial development theory |
| Sensory adaptation | getting used to a constant stimulus |
| Opponent process theory explains | after images |
| Audition is affected by damage to the | basilar membrane |
| Cerebellum helps with this sense | vestibular |
| Perceptual constancy occurs when we | recognize objects as having consistent form |
| The fovea is | the central focal point in the retnia |
| Kinesthsis | senses position and movement of body parts |
| Gestalt means | to organize stimuli into groups |
| Retinal disparity is connected to | depth perception |
| John B. Watson is associated with | observable behaviors |
| CS | conditioned stimulus; an originally irrelevant stimulus that comes to trigger and CR |
| UR | unconditioned response; the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the US |
| Spontaneous recovery | reappearance of an extinguished CR |
| Stimulus generalization | tendency to group similar stimuli together |
| Shaping | operant conditioning procedure; uses reinforcers to get behavior closer and closer to the desired behavior; rewarding different levels of the desired behavior |
| Fixed ratio reinforcement | operant conditioning; reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses |
| Variable interval | operant conditioning; reinforcement schedule that reinforces responses after unpredictable time intervals |
| Punishment decreases | operant responding |
| Negative reinforcement increases | operant responding |
| Observational learning | learning by observing others. |
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