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Presentation 4
Psychology 100 Psychological Disorders and Treatments Chapter
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Anxiety | Apprehension, uncertainty and fear resulting from the anticipation of a realistic or fantasized threatening event or situation |
| Anxiety Disorder | Excessive or inappropriate anxiety, may feel life-threatening |
| Somatoform Disorders | Physical symptoms that suggest an underlying medical illness, but are actually psychological in origin |
| Hypochondriasis | Continual preoccupation with the notion of suffering from a serious physical disease |
| Panic Attacks | Brief, intense episodes of extreme fear, which include: sweating, dizziness, light-headedness, racing heartbeat, and feelings of impending death or going crazy |
| Panic Disorder | Repeated and unexpected panic attacks. Also persistent concerns about future attacks or a change in personal behavior in an attempt to avoid them |
| Generalized Anxiety Disorder | Continual feelings of worry, anxiety, physical tension, and irritabilty across many areas of life functioning |
| Phobia | Intense fear of an object or situation greatly out of proportion to actual threat |
| Agoraphobia | Fear of being in a place or situation from which escape is difficult or embarrassing, or in which help is unavailable in the event of a panic attack |
| Specific Phobia | Intense fear of objects, places, or situations that are greatly out of proportion to their actual threat |
| Social Phobia | Marked fear of public appearances in which embarrassment or humiliation is possible |
| Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) | Marked emotional disturbance after experiencing or witnessing a severely stressful event (fear, helplessness, horror) |
| Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder | Condition marked by repeated and lengthy (at least one hour per day) immersion in obsessions, compulsions, or both |
| Bulimia | Recurrent binge eating followed by attempt to control weight |
| Anorexia | Extreme low body weight and refusal to gain weight (fear of fatness) |
| Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) | Persistent feelings of sadness, being overwhelmed, loss of interest & motivation |
| Dysthymic Disorder | Symptoms less intense, but longer duration. Feelings of hopelessness & pessimism |
| Cognitive Model of Depression | Cognitive distortions or skewed ways of thinking leads to depression |
| Learned Helplessness | Lack of control leads to giving up, positives viewed as externally controlled |
| Bipolar Disorder | Condition marked by at least one manic episode; characterized by mood swings |
| Manic Episodes | Extreme euphoria, physical energy, rapid thoughts and speech |
| Bipolar I Disorder | Alternating depression and mani |
| Bipolar II Disorder | Major depressive episodes alternating with hypomania (not full mania) |
| Cyclothymic Disorder | Less extreme mood swings than BP I |
| Schizophrenia | Severe disorder of thought and emotion associated with a loss of contact with reality |
| Delusions | Strongly held, fixed beliefs that have no basis in reality |
| Hallucinations | False or distorted perceptions that seem real |
| Disorganized Speech | Probably a thought disorder (not brain damage) though may resemble "word salad" |
| Disorganized Behavior | Diminished self-care, hygiene; inappropriate emotional outbursts; strange clothing |
| Catatonic Symptoms | Movement problems and immobility |
| Echolalia | Repeating words over and over |
| Antisocial Personality Disorder | Lengthy history of irresponsible and/or illegal actions |
| Deficit in Fear | Limited response to aversive stimuli in classical conditioning |
| Chronic Under-Arousal | Require bigger and bolder steps to be motivated |
| Substance Abuse | When one experiences recurrent problems associated with a substance |
| Substance Dependence | Marked by symptoms of tolerance and withdrawl |
| Sociocultural Influences | Cultural differences in attitudes toward alcohol and abuse from country to country (People use drugs when they are available) |
| Learning and Expectancies | Drugs and alcohol are consumed in order to relive anxiety |
| Genetic Influences | Alcoholism tends to run in families |
| Psychotherapy | Designed to help people resolve emotional, behavioral and interpersonal problems and improve quality of life |
| Behavior Therapy | Focus on specific problem behaviors and current variables that maintain problematic thoughts, feelings and behaviors. Identify and assess the problem (behavioral assessment) then design and implement a strategy for behavior change |
| Exposure Therapy | Confronts patients with their fears, with the goal of reducing that fear (very effective treatment for phobias) |
| Systematic Desensitization | taught to relax as gradually exposed to feared object/situation in a stepwise manner |
| Flooding | Patients immediately experience their greatest fear, with no aversive consequences |
| Response Prevention | Therapists prevent patients from performing their typical avoidance behaviors |
| Dismantling | Research procedure for examining the effectiveness of isolated components of a larger treatment |
| Thought Field Therapy | Bogus attempt at curing fears through tapping and humming |
| Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) | Active ingredient probably exposure not eye movements |
| Participant Modeling | Therapist first models a problematic situation, and then guides the patient through steps to cope with it unassisted (Observational Learning) |
| Assertiveness Training | Being able to ask for what you need in a direct and responsible manner |
| Behavioral Rehearsal | Role-Playing difference responses to situations, often from different perspectives |
| Operant Procedures | Using reward and punishment to shape behavior |
| Token Economy | Desirable behaviors are rewarded with tokens that patients can exchange for tangible rewards |
| Aversion Therapy | Uses punishment to decrease the frequency of undesirable behaviors |
| Cognitive-Behavior Therapy | Attempts to replace maladaptive or irrational thoughts (cognitions) with more adaptive, rational ones |
| Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (Ellis) | We respond to an (A) activating event with a range of emotional and behavioral (C) consequences and our responses vary because of our (B) beliefs about the world and ourselves |
| Beck's Cognitive Therapy | Emphasizes identification and modification of automatic, negative thoughts and long-held negative core beliefs |
| Eclecticism | Sampling bits and pieces from other approaches (or making it up) |
| Dialectical Behavior Therapy (Linehan) | Treatment for suicide-risk patients |
| Acceptance and Commitment Therapy | Coming to accept emotions / circumstances |
| Pharmacotherapy | Use of medications to treat psychological problems |
| Tardive Dyskinesia (TD) | Irreversible side effect of some antipsychotic drugs; involuntary movements of facial muscles and twitching of neck, arms & legs |
| Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) | Brief electrical pulses to the brain which produce a seizure and treat serious psychological problems (last resort) |
| Psychosurgery | Brain surgery to treat psychological problems |
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