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Presentation 2
Psychology 100 Social Psychology Chapter
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Need to Belong Theory | Humans have an emotional need for interpersonal connections |
| Social Facilitation | Enhancement of performance brought about by the presence of others |
| Attribution | Process of assigning causes to behavior (can be internal or external) |
| Fundamental Attribution Error | Tendency to overestimate the impact of dispositional influence on other people's behavior |
| Social Comparison Theory | Theory that we seek to evaluate our beliefs, attitudes, and abilities by comparing our reactions with others' |
| Mass Hysteria | Outbreak of irrational behavior that is spread by social contagion |
| Urban Legends | False stories repeated so many times that people believe them to be true |
| Conformity | Tendency of people to alter their behavior as a result of group pressure |
| The Asch Paradigm | Participants conformed to the wrong answer 37% of the time! |
| Parametric Studies | Studies in which an experimenter systematically manipulates the independent variable to observe its effects on the dependent variable |
| Autokinetic Effect | Estimates of individuals in a group change over time toward a shared norm |
| Deindividuation | Tendency of people to engage in uncharacteristic behavior when they are stripped of their usual identities |
| Groupthink | Emphasis on group unanimity at the expense of critical thinking and sound decision making |
| Group Polarization | Tendency of group discussion to strengthen the dominant positions held by individual group members |
| Cult | Group of individuals who exhibit intense and unquestioning devotion to a single cause |
| Inoculation effect | Approach to convincing people to change their minds about something by first introducing reasons why the perspective might be correct and then debunking it |
| Obedience | Adherence to instructions from those of higher authority |
| Bystander Effect | Consequence of psychological paralysis not apathy |
| Pluralistic Ignorance | Error of assuming that no one in a group perceives things as we do |
| Diffusion of responsibility | Reduction in feelings of personal responsibility in the presence of others |
| Social Loafing | Phenomenon whereby individuals become less productive in groups |
| Altruism | Helping others for unselfish reasons |
| Enlightenment Effect | Learning about psychological research can change real-world behavior for the better |
| Aggression | Behavior intended to harm others, either verbally or physically |
| Relational Aggression | Indirect aggression, prevalent in girls, involving spreading rumors, gossiping, and nonverbal putdowns for the purpose of social manipulation |
| Belief | Conclusion regarding factual evidence |
| Attitude | Belief that includes an emotional component |
| Self Monitoring | Personality trait that assesses the extent to which peoples' behavior reflects their true feelings and attitudes |
| Recognition Heuristic | We are more likely to believe something we've heard many times |
| Maladaptive Gullibility | Falling for messages delivered by phony authority figures |
| Cognitive Dissonance | Unpleasant mental experience of tension resulting from two conflicting thoughts or beliefs |
| Self-Perception | Since I said I liked it and I got paid a dollar to do it, I must have liked it |
| Impression Management Theory | Theory that we don't really change our attitudes, but report that we have so that our behaviors appear consistant with our attitudes |
| Central Processing | Evaluation of the merits of persuasive arguments carefully and thoughtfully (aka more words) |
| Peripheral Processing | Response to persuasive message on the basis of snap judgments |
| Foot-in-the-door technique | Persuasive technique involving making a small request before making a bigger one |
| Door-in-the-face technique | Persuasive technique involving making an unreasonably large request before making the small request we're hoping to have granted |
| Low-ball technique | Persuasive technique in which the seller of a product starts by quoting a low sales price, and then mentions all the "add-on" costs once the customer has agreed to purchase the product |
| Prejudice | Drawing conclusions about a person, group of people, or situation prior to evaluating the evidence |
| Adaptive Conservation | Evolutionary principle that creates a predisposition toward distrusting anything or anyone unfamiliar or difference |
| In-group Bias | Tendency to favor individuals within our group over those from outside our group |
| Out-Group Homogeneity | Tendency to view all individuals outside our group as highly similar |
| Discrimination | Negative behavior toward members of out-groups |
| Stereotype | A belief, positive or negative, about the characteristics of members of a group that is applied generally to most members of the group |
| Implicit stereotypes | Beliefs about the characteristics of an out-group about which we are unaware |
| Explicit stereotypes | Beliefs about the characteristics of an out-group about which we are aware |
| Overgeneralizations | Illusory correlation |
| Ultimate Attribution Error | Assumption that behaviors among individual members of a group are due to their internal dispositions |
| Scapegoat Hypothesis | Claim that prejudice arises from a need to blame other groups for our misfortunes |
| Just-World Hypothesis | Claim that our attributions and behaviors are shaped by a deep-seated assumption that the world is fair and all things happen for a reason |
| Jigsaw Classrooms | Educational approach designed to minimize prejudice by requiring all children to make independent contributions to a shared project |
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