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Chapter 13 Rad Safet
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Absorbed dose (D) | the amount of energy (x-rays) per unit mass absorbed by the irradiated tissue |
| ALARA principle | a guiding philosophy that means “As Low As Reasonable Achievable” limited operators should always follow this philosophy when applying radiation to humans |
| Biologic damage | the destructive interactions occur at the atomic level leading to cellular damage |
| Chromosome | microscopic bodies that contain the genes |
| Coulombs per kilogram (C/kg) SI (Systeme International) | SI unit for measuring radiation exposure in air |
| DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) | contains the coded information that the cell needs to function |
| Dominant gene | genes that are chosen to make the offspring |
| Effective dose (EfD) | this value is the limiting system used to calculate the upper limits of occupational exposure permissible |
| Entrance skin exposure (ESE) | patient dose in radiography according to the exposure level at the skin mAs X D/mAs – mR (milliroengten) |
| Enzyme | biologic chemicals that repair damage to cell membranes & DNA |
| Erythema | a reddening of the skin, such as occurs after a large amount of radiation has been received (radiation burn) |
| Free radical | temporary molecules and parts of molecules that occur as the result of ionization – may interact directly with DNA or may combine to produce toxic substances that are injurious to DNA |
| Gene | determiners of heredity and are made of unique protein DNA |
| Gonad | reproductive organs of humans |
| Cataractogenesis | formation of cataracts |
| Gonad shield | lead shields that is used for shielding of the reproductive organs |
| Gray (Gy) | SI unit for absorbed dose; 1 Gy = 100 rad. The gray is determined by dividing the rad by 100 |
| Ionizing radiation | radiation that when passing through the body tissues produce positively or negatively charged particles |
| Mutation | changes to the genes of reproductive cells |
| Carcinogenesis | increase risk of malignant disease part |
| Nonstochastic | effects of radiation that can be related directly to the dose received, more severe with higher dose, has a threshold below which the effect will not occur |
| Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) | personnel monitoring device with use of aluminum oxide as a radiation detector |
| radiation absorbed dose (RAD) | conventional unit measuring the quantity of radiation absorbed in the tissue |
| Radiation protection | measures taken to safeguard patients, personnel, & the public from unnecessary exposure to ionizing radiation |
| Recessive gene | genes that are not selected |
| Rem | radiation equivalent to man |
| Rem – (radiation equivalent to man) | unit of occupational exposure (conventional) |
| Roentgen (R) | the conventional unit of measuring the amount of radiation in air, measured before it is absorbed in the body |
| Sievert (Sv) | the SI unit of measuring the effective radiation dose to a man |
| Source – skin distance (SSD) | the distance from the radiation source to the patient. Determined by measuring part thickness in inches and subtracting this measurement from SID |
| Stochastic | effects that occur on a random basis with its effect being independent of the size of dose. The agent must be encountered during gestation period; not predictable; long term effects |
| Thermo luminescent dosimeter (TLD) | personnel dose measuring device that gives off light when heated |
| Teratogenic effects | effects from radiation that are in the offspring of the individual who received the agent, must be encountered during the gestation period |
| Equivalent Dose (EqD) | the absorbed dose multiplied by the radiation weighting factor. |
| Weighting (quality) factor | a number assigned to each type of radiation basedon the variation in biologic damage that is produced when individual receives exposure from a difference source |
| Direct hit | breakage of DNA molecule as a result of an interaction with an x-ray photon |
| Genetic effect | effects from radiation that are in the offspring of the individual who received the agent, must be encounter preconception |
| Linear Energy Transfer (LET) | the rate at which energy is transferred from ionizing radiation to soft tissue, expressed in terms of kiloelectron volts per micrometer |
| Relative Biologic Effectiveness (RBE) | a measure of the cell-killing ability of a particular radiation compared with that of 250 keV x-rays |
| Threshold | the point at which a stimulus (x-ray) is great enough to produce an effect |
| Nonthreshold | no point at which there is no risk of an effect |
| Linear dose-response | the response to radiation is directly proportional to dose |
| Nonlinear dose- response | the observed effects of radiation exposure in relation to the radiation dose given |
| Indirect hit | causes a chemical reaction in the water that makes up most of the cells substance creating a free radical |
Created by:
mdtodd
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