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Psych - chapter 8&9
personality & social psychology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is personality? | A person's internally based characteristic ways of acting and thinking |
| Freud's three levels of awareness? | Conscious mind, Preconscious mind. Unconscious mind |
| Freud's Topographical Theory is also known as the... | Iceberg Theory |
| According to Freud, the Ego and the Super Ego make up the... | Preconscious Mind |
| Accoring to Freud, the Id considered the | Unconscious Mind |
| The definiton of 'Conscious Mind' | Freud's term for what you are presently aware of |
| The definition of 'Preconscious Mind' | Freud's tern for what is stored in your memory that you are not presently aware of but can access |
| The definition of 'Unconscious Mind' | Freud's term for the part of our mind that we cannot become aware of |
| The three part of Freud's Structural Theory | Id, Ego and Super Ego |
| What part of Freud's Structural Theory is your animal part which works on the Pleasure Principle. This part needs to be controlled. | Id |
| What part of Freud's Structural Theory controls the ID and works on the Reality Principle. This part follows society's rules. | Ego |
| What part of Freud's Structrual Theory is the Ego Ideal. It represents one's conscience and idealized standards of behavior. | Super Ego |
| What is a Defense Mechanism? | A process used by the ego to distort reality and protect a person from anxiety. |
| What is the worst Defense Mechanism? | Denial |
| What is Denial? | When a person denies a problem isn't there when it actually is |
| What is Repression? | Most common Defense Mechanism. Unknowingly placing an unpleasant memory or thought in the unconscious. EX - not remembering a traumatic event |
| What is Supression? | When a person doesn't even think about a problem. Ex - There is evidence a spouse is having an affair and you choose not aknowledge it and continue life as always |
| What is Regression? | Reverting back to immature behavior from an earlier stage of development. |
| What is Displacement? | Redirecting unacceptable feelings from the original source to a safer, substitute target. Ex - you're mad at your boss so you come home and 'take it out on' your spouse |
| What is Sublimation? | Replacing socially unacceptable impulses with socially acceptable behavior. EX - Channeling sexual/aggressive energy toward something positive (like football or art). |
| What is Reaction Formation? | Acting in exactly the opposite way to one's unacceptable impulses. Ex - Being overprotective of and lavishing attention on an unwanted child. |
| What is Projection? | Attributing one's own unacceptable feelings and thoughts to others and not yourself. Ex - Accusing your bf he's cheating b/c you really want to cheat on him. |
| What is Rationalization? | Creating false excuses for one's unacceptable feelings, thoughts, or behavior. Ex - Justifying cheating on an exam by saying that everyone else cheats. |
| What are the stages of Freud's Psychosexual Stage Theory? | Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital |
| These can develop if one detours from the path of a Psychosexual Stage instead of developing a healthy sexual life? | Phylias - Ex. necrophylia |
| What is Fixation? | Some of the Id's pleasure-seeking energies remain in a Psychosexual Stage due to excessive gratification or frustration of instinctual needs. "Sex is like the Mississippi River - you dam it up, it will go somewhere" |
| Describe the Oral Stage | Birth - 1 1/2 years. Mouth, lips and tongue. Sucking, biting and chewing |
| Describe the Anal Stage | 1 1/2 - 3 years. Anus. Bowel retention and elimination |
| Describe the Phallic Stage | 3-6 years. Genitals. Identifying with same-sex parent to learn gender role and sense of morality. |
| Describe the Latency Stage | 6 years - puberty. NO EROGENOUS ZONE. Cognitive and social development |
| Describe the Gential Stage | puberty - adulthood. Genitals. Development of sexual relationships, moving toward intimate adult relationships |
| A Phallic Stage conflict for a boy in which the boy becomes sexually attracted to his mother and fears his father will find out and castrate him is called the ... | Oedipus Conflict |
| What are Neuroses? | Neurons gone wrong. Created Hysterias - something goes wrong with the organ's scense. Neuroses went away under hypnosis. This was the Ego defending itself by not wanting to deal with a thought or feeling. |
| Final evaluation of Freud | Freud does explain somethings but definitely not all. Not everything he believed affected everyone. |
| What was the beliefe of Karen Horney? | The basic drive is not sex and agression, but it is security. |
| What did Freud believe were the two drives everyone had | Sex and Agression |
| What are Horney's styles of the Ego? | 1)We want to move towards people. 2)We have to move against people. 3)We want to move away from people. |
| What is the Neurosis for Horney's "moving towards people" | Becoming a sponge; a doormat. Just doing as they are told. |
| What is the Neurosis for Horney's "moving against people" | Their attitude is "show me a rule and I will break it" |
| What is the Neurosis for Horney's "moving away from people" | Packing everything up and becoming a hermit |
| What is Hornye's Learned Helplessness? | Depression and anger turned against yourself |
| Adler disagreed with Freud's assumption that the main motivaion for people were sex and aggression. What did he belive motivated people? | Striving for superiority. The desire to be #1. |
| What phrase was used by Adler to describe the strong feelings felt by those who never covercame the inital feeling of inferiority? | Inferiority complex |
| What helps one get through their feeling of inferiority according to Adler? | Parental love and support |
| Jung was a Neo-Freudian belived that is wasn't sex and aggression that motivated people but... | A spiritual drive |
| Jung's spiritual drive suggested that... | there is an unconscious conection between all of humanity |
| Which test was the primary tool for research on Jung's personality types and is still used today? | Myers-Briggs Type Indicator |
| What were Jung's two main personality attitudes? | Extraversion and Introversion |
| People's attitudes that focused on the external, objective world were.. | Extraversions |
| People's attitudes that focused on the inner, subjective world were... | Introversions |
| According to Jung, the two ways an individual evaluates information is.. | Thinking and Feeling |
| According to Jung, the two ways an indvidual gathers information is.. | Sensory and Intuition |
| Who was the Neo-Freudian who would show an individaul list of words and the individual was to say the first thing that came to their mind - The Word Assoiation Test | Jung |
| God, Mom, Dad, Hero, Trickster, are all types of ... | Archetypes, which Jung believed come out the the human unconscious |
| According to Jung, what is the "The Shadow" | The "dark side" archetype that we all have. |
| What is the part, according to Jung, that we all have repressed (all the things we don't like about ourselves) | The Shadow |
| According to Jung, what do we do with our 'Shadwo' | Project it out and create the enemy and we want to destroy the enemy. |
| What is the male femine archetype? | Anima |
| What is the female masculine archetype? | Animus |
| According to Jung, what is the "Persona" | An archetype we all have where we are all wear masks. It hides who we really are and instead shows who we appear to be |
| Jung beleived that we all went around looking for... | our other part. The "other half" |
| According to Jung, an individual with the cognitive style of "Intuitive" gathers information by seeing.. | "The big picture". They dream and see the end result. |
| According to Jung, an individual with the cognitive style of "Sensory" gathers information by seeing.. | Great details. These are the people to build houses. |
| According to Jung, an individual with the cognitive style of "Feeling" evaluates information by.. | Doing what feels right. Following their gut. |
| According to Jung, an individual with the cognitive style of "Thinking" evaluates information by.. | Thinking things through. By being logical and rational |
| Who believed that during the first 30-40 years of your life you had one personality, and then everything that had been repressed comes out and you develop another personality? | Jung |
| According to Jung, each individual was on | A quest for idenitiy and a realization of the self |
| What is a humanist? | Someone who believes that you are the masters of your own life. |
| Who are know as the two 'Fathers of Humanist'? | Rogers and Maslow |
| What is the behavioral approach to personality? | That how your personality develops is its reaction to the outside world. The environment motivates and controls our actions. |
| What is the pyschoanalytical approach to personality? | That the unconscious instinctual drives are the major motivators of our behavior and personality development |
| What is Maslow's personality theory considered? | A theory of motivation |
| Who's book is considered the 'Bible for Huminists'? | Rogers |
| What is the definition of 'hiearchy of needs'? | The motivational component in Maslow's theory of personality in which our inneate needs are hierarchically arranged in a pyramid shape. |
| From bottom to top, what are the needs of Maslow's hiearchy of needs pyramid? | Physiological, Safety, Belongingness and Love, Esteem, and Self-Actualization |
| What are Maslow's "Physiological needs"? | Need to satisfy hunger and thirst |
| What are Maslow's "Safety Needs"? | Need to feel safe, secure, and stable |
| What are Maslow's "Belongingness and Love Needs"? | Need to love and be loved, to belong and be accepted |
| What are Maslow's "Esteem Needs"? | Need for self-esteem, achievement, competence and independence |
| What are Maslow's "Self-acualization Needs"? | Need to live up to one's fullest unique potential |
| Maslow said that certain individuals would have a "Peak Experience". What is a "Peak Experience"? | When a person experiences deep insight and realizes that everything is OK. That you are meant to be who you are. The world makes sense. |
| What is the definition of Maslow's 'Self-actualization'? | The fullest realization of a person's potential |
| Who's theory was the Self Theory? | Rogers |
| What is maladjustment? | When you can't deal with the world |
| What are conditions of worth? | Roger's view of the behaviors and attitudes for which other people, starting with our parents, will give us positive regard |
| What is unconditional positive regard? | Unconditional acceptance and approval of a person by others. Liking you for no matter what you are |
| What are tools used to give someone 'positive regard'? | To be real (geniune), warm, caring, non-judgemental, empathetic |
| What is Bandura's 'self-system'? | The set of cognitive processes by which a person observes, evaluates, and regualtes their behavior |
| What is Bandura's 'self-efficacy'? | A judgement of one's effectiveness in dealing with particular situations |
| Who theory was 'locus of control'? | Rotter |
| What is the definition of Rotter's 'external locus of control'? | The preception that nothing is within your control - life happens - it's all just chance and luck |
| What is the definition of Rotter's 'internal locus of control'? | The preception that you control your own life |
| What is learned helplessness? | A sense of hopelessness in which a person thinks that they are unable to prevent averive events. "I'm a victim and I always have been" |
| What can learned helplessness lead to? | Depression |
| What is factor analysis? | Where you start with a long list of factors and pull out only a few to base something on |
| What is the acronymn for the Five Factor Model of Personality? | OCEAN |
| What does OCEAN stand for? | Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism |
| According to the Five Factor Model of Personality, what is the opposite of OPENNESS? | Closeness - closed to new ideas |
| According to the Five Factor Model of Personality, what is the opposite of CONSCIENTIOUSNESS? | Disorganized, careless, impulsive |
| According to the Five Factor Model of Personality, what is the opposite of EXTRAVERSION? | Intraversion - quiet, cautious |
| According to the Five Factor Model of Personality, what is the opposite of AGEEABLENESS? | Disagreeableness |
| According to the Five Factor Model of Personality, what is the opposite of NEUROTICISM? | Calm and secure |
| What test was created to measure abnormal behavior in people? | MMPI |
| How many scales are on the MMPI? | 10 |
| What are the ten scales of the MMPI? | 1)Hypo 2)Depression 3)Hysteria 4)Psycho 5)Male/Female 6)Paranoia 7)Anxiety 8)Schizophrinia 9)Mania 10)Introvert/Extrovert |
| What are the scales called that help keep the MMIP results 'truthful' | Validity Scales |
| The Lie Scale (L), the Fake Bad Scale (F), and the Ego Strength (K) are part of the | Validity Scale |
| In order to gain a valid result with a test, one must have a | Reliable instrument |
| What is a projective test? | A personality test that uses a series of ambiguous stimuli to which the test taker must respond about their perceptions of the stimuli |
| What are the two most common projective tests? | The Rorschach Inkblots and TAT |
| How do the Rorschach Inkblots work? | There are 10 pictures that have no real shape and meaning. The subject is shown on and tells what they see. The assumption is the test taker's responses are projections of personal conflict. |
| How does the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) work? | A subject is shown a picture of a setting and are told to give a story to the picture. The thought is the test taker is telling a story of something that has happen, happening now or how they are feeling |
| What is social psychology? | The scientific study of how we influence one another's behavior and thinking. |
| What is conformity? | A change in belief of behavior, or both to conform to a group norm as the result of real or imagined social pressure. |
| What are the two major types of social influences leading to conformity? | Informational Social Influence and Normative Social Influence |
| What techinique did Sherif use to prove Informational Social Influence? | The autokinetic effect |
| What is the autokinetic effect? | When something stationary seems to be moving. Ex - car in a car wash. Light on a dark wall. |
| What did Sherif prove using autokinetic effect? | When a person was in the room by themselves they had their own distance. When put in a room with others, they would all come out with the same estimate, agreeing with the norm. |
| What is Informational Social Influence? | Influence stemming from the need for information in situations in which the correct action or judgement is uncertain. |
| Besides Sherif's autokinetic effect, what was another experiment done to observe informational social influence? | Robbers Cave Experiment |
| What happened during the Robbers Cave Experiment? | 2 group of 11 boys taken to the park. Encouraged to develop bonding. Then told only 1 group of boys there was another group. They decided amongst themselves that they were the better, stronger group. Later had all boys do joint projects & became friends |
| What technique did Asch use to prove Normative Social Influence? | Line-Length Judgement Task |
| What happened during the line-length judgement task? | People were in a room together with lines drawn and labeled. Even though line 2 was clearly the longest, someone in the group would say it was 1 and in the end 75% of people agreed that 1 was the longest |
| What might the results from the line-length judgement task prove? | That people just go along with the norm and agree to conform even though they know it's wrong. Might explain why people drove the trains to concentration camps. They were told they were something else. |
| What is Normative Social Influence? | Influence stemming from our desire to gain the approval and to avoid the disapproval of others. |
| What are situational factors that impact conformity? | 1)Unanimity of the group is important-hard to be one against the world. 2)The mode of responding-voting out loud vs secret ballot. 3)When a person of lesser status or want to be in a group |
| What is compliance? | Acting in accordance with a direct request from another person or group |
| What is the foot-in-the-door technique? | Compliance to a large request is gained by preceding it with a very small request. Keep asking for a little bit which will get you the large thing |
| What is the door-in-the-face technique? | Compliance is gained by starting with a large, unreasonalbe request that is turned down and following it with a more reasonable, smaller request. |
| What is the low-ball technique? | Compliance to a costly request is gained by first getting compliance to an attactive, less costly request but then reneging on it. People feel they have to agree to the second because they already agreed to the first. |
| What is the that's-not-all technique? | Compliance to a planned second request with additional benefits is gained by presenting this request before a response can be made to a first request. Sweeten the deal by adding more to the product they are selling |
| What are compliance techniques used by many salespeople, fundraisers, politicians and anyone else who wants someone to say "yes"? | The foot-in-the-door, door-in-the-face, low-ball and that's-not-all techniques. |
| What is obedience? | Following the commands of a person in authority |
| What did Milgram's experiment point out? | Social forces that can cause destructive obedience |
| Milgram's experiment for destructive obedience were the most famous and controversial ones in psychology. Why? | There was a "teacher" who would administer shocks to a "learner" they couldn't see but could hear screaming, for every wrong answer. 65% of "teachers" kept raising the voltage with every wrong answer because they were told to |
| What compliance technique did Milgram use in order to achieve the obedience of the "teachers" in this experiemnt? | Foot-in-the-door. He had the "teacher" start with a very low voltage (15 volts) and increased the level slowly. Had the experiement started at 120 volts the results would have been much different. |
| What would happen if the "teacher" asked the experimenter about stopping during Milgram's experiment about obedience? | The experimenter would answer one of four standard prompts such as "please go on" or "the experiement requires you to continue". If the "teacher" refused, the experimenter would stop. No one was forced to obey. |
| What are situational factors that impact obedience? | 1)A person with authority is present. 2)The closeness in range of the "teacher" and "learner" - auditory imput. 3)The amount of responsbility that is on the "teacher" |
| What happened during the "Astroten" study? | Doctors called nurses and ordered them to give a dose exceeding the maximum daily dosage of an unauthorized medication (Astroten) to an actual patient in the ward. The order violated many hospital rules, yet 21 out of 22 nurses followed the orders |
| Why was the "Astroten" study unique? | Because it was not an experiement. It consisted of real nurses doing their real jobs. |
| How did the "Astroten" study prove the power of situational forces on obedience? | When other nurses were asked what they would do in the situation, 31 out of 33 said they would NOT have given the medication to the patient. Completely opposite of what actually happened. |
| The Jonestown Massacre is another example of obedience. What happened? | Reverend Jim Jones convinced over 900 members of his church to commit mass suicide by drinking cyanide-laced Kool-Aid |
| What were some techniques used by Rev Jim Jones in order to get people to comply with his beliefs? | Door-in-the-face and foot-in-the-door were used to recruit members |
| What influence can be seen as the reason people drank the Kool-Aid and not run screaming for the door? | Informational Social Influence. In an uncertain environment, the followers would look to the actions of others |
| What is Social Faciliation? | Facilitation of a dominant response on a task due to social arousal, leading to improvement on simple or well-learned tasks and worse performance on complex or unlearned tasks when other people are present. |
| An example of social faciliation is? | Being part of a band or choir and thinking that you are not great performers so you practice. When the time come to perform, you are good. The opposite is if you don't practice, you are going to perform bad even though there are people present. |
| What is social loafing? | The tendency to exert less effort when working in a group toward a common goal than when individually working toward the goal. |
| What is the best way to insure you get 100% responsiblity for a project using social loafing? | Only giving one person the responsiblity. The more people involved, the less likely is it to be done correctly. Each only feels responsibly for a small percent then. |
| What is diffusion of responsibility? | The lessening of individual responsiblity for a task when responsibility for the task is spread across the memembers of a group |
| What is the bystander effect? | The probability of a person's helping in an emergency is greater when there are no other bystanders than when there are many bystanders |
| The Kitty Genovese case was an example of what? | The bystander effect |
| What happened during the Kitty Genovese case? | A young woman was attacked and many people heard/witnessed it, yet no one did anything to stop it. She was raped and later died due to stab wounds. |
| What are two factors that influence the bystander effect? | What's the cost and what's the benefit |
| What are two factors when deciding to come to someone's aid? | "What is everyone else doing" and "someone is more qualified to help" |
| What is pularistant ignorance? | When you put a group of people into a room, the average IQ drops |
| What happened in the Anita Hill case? | She testified against a surpreme court justice for sexual harassement. She did not win. |
| What questions can be brought to light due to the Anita Hill case? Also Dr. Getsinger's personal case? | When do you come forward and report something that is wrong? How do you intervine? |
| What is deindividuation? | The loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in a group situation that fosters arousal and anonymity. Ex - The KKK; how people act at Mardi Grais. "no one knows me. no one's really watching" |
| What is group polarization? | The strenghthening of a group's prevailing opinion about a topic following group discussion about the topic. The group discussion all moves to the same "side" |
| What is groupthink? | A mode of group thinking that impairs decision making because the desire for group harmony overrides a realistic appraisal of the possible decision alternatives. EX-Pearl Harbor-we were told about the attack but believe Japan would attack elsewhere |
| What is the WORST defense mechanism? | DENIAL |
| What is attribution? | The process by which we explain our own behavior and that of others - what we perceive to be the cause of our behavior and the behavior of others - is it due to internal or external causes |
| What is the attribution theory? | How much of what happens to us is because of our actions and actions of others |
| What is the fundamental attribution error? | The tendency as an observer to overestimate dispositional influences and underestimate situational influences on others' behavior - you tend to attribute others behaviors to them and not the situation they are in |
| What is an example of fundamental attribution error? | You see someone drop a coffee and call them a klutz - inferring that the behavior is a characteristic of that person(internal). If you had dropped the cup you would have said how hot the coffee was, inferring that dropping it was not your fault(external). |
| What is just-world hypothesis? | The assumption that the world is just and that people get what they deserve |
| What is primacy effect? | Information gathered early is weighted more heavily than information gathered later when forming an impression of another person - "first impressions" |
| What is the self-fulfilling prophecy? | Our behavior leads a person to act in accordance with our expectations for that person - "you think it - you become it" |
| What is actor-observer bias? | The tendency to overestimate situational influences on our own behavior, but to overestimate dispositional influences on the behavior of others |
| What is an example of actor-observer bias? | "I don't hold myself responsible for my actions - I blame everyone else" |
| The Book of Jobe shows the opposite example of what attribution? | The Just-World Hypothesis - that people get what they deserve. Jobe was a good person that horrible things happened to |
| What is the self-serving bias? | The tendency to make attributions so that one can perceive oneself favorably. To interpret info to preserve self esteem and self confidence |
| What is the false-consensus effect? | The tendency to overestimate the commonality of one's opinions and unsuccessful behaviors |
| What is an example of false-consensus effect? | "Everyone got a C on the test so everyone is as bad as I am". When in reality not everyone received a C |
| What is the false uniqueness effect? | The tendency to underestimate the commonality of one's abilities and successful behaviors. |
| What is an example of false uniqueness effect? | "Everyone can do what I can do" You don't want to appear over confident. When in reality not everyone can get all As and play many musical instruments |
| What is the definition of attitudes? | Evaluative reactions (positive or negative) toward objects, events and other people |
| What are "parts" of an attitude? | Positive/negative; behavioral; cognitive/thinking; evaluate; responses; thinking/feeling |
| Whose theory was Cognitive Dissonance Theory? | Festinger |
| Who was considered one of the fathers of social psychology? | Festinger |
| What is Festinger's Cognitive Dissonance Theory? | A theory that assumes people have a tendency to change their attitudes to reduce the cognitive discomfort created by inconsistencies between their attitudes and their behaviors - when you belief and your behavior does not match up (this can be stressful) |
| What is an example of Festinger's cognitive dissonance theory? | People who smoke know its unhealthy yet they smoke anyway. Their attitude changes stating that perhaps the statistics are wrong. Or on the other extreme - they may choose to quit smoking |
| According to Festinger, what determins our behavior? | Our beliefs |
| What do people tend to resort to when their beliefs do not match their behaviors? | People come up with reasons "defense mechanisims" |
| What generally happens after an individual makes a decision or a commitment about something? | People stop "looking" because their decision or commitment is "fixed". They don't want to introduce dissonance |
| Whose theory is the Self-Perception Theory? | Bem's |
| What is Bem's Self-Perception Theory? | A Theory which assumes that when we are unsure of our attitudes, we infer them by examining our behavior and the context in which it occurs |
| According to Bem, what determins our beliefs? | Our behavior |
| Whose theory states that their is no dissoance to be reduces for an indiviual? | Bem's. He believes that people are motiviated to explain their behavior instead |
| Whose famous study at Stanford showed the complex relationship between our attitudes and our behavior with role-playing? | Zimbardo - the Standford Prison Study |
| What happened during Zimbardo's Prison Study? | 24 males were assigned as guards or prisoners and were not given any guidelines. The guards humiliated the prisoners and were mean. The prisoners rebelled. Study to last 2 weeks, only lasted 6 days because of how horrible and unethical it was |
| What question did Zimbardo's Prison Study raise? | "How far will our behavior regress" and the answer is "quite a bit". Another example of this is the book Lord of the Flies |
| The conformity demonstrated in Sherif's study using the autokinetic effect stems from _______social influence, and the conformity demonstrated in Asch's study of line-length judgement stems from _______ social influence. | Informational; normative |
| Which of the following factors increases conformity? | Feeling insecure and incompentent |
| Which of the following compliance techniques involves gaining compliance to a much larger request by preceding it with a much smaller request? | Foot-in-the-door techinique |
| Which of the following situational factors in Milgram's shock experiments led to the highest maximum obedience rate? | Experiment conducted in a rundown office building |
| __________ is the strengthening of a group's prevailing opinion on a topic following group discussion of the topic. | Group polarization |
| Facilitation of a dominant response on a task due to social arousal is called __________? | Social faciliation |
| When committing to the fundamental attribution error, we tend to ________ the influence of dispositional factors and ________ the influences of situational factors. | Overestimate;underestimate |
| With the self-serving bias, we tend to make _______ attributions for our failures and _______ attributions for our successes. | Situational;dispositional |
| Bill likes country music and therefore he thinks that most people like country music. Bill's behavior is an example of the...? | False consensus effect |
| 2 groups of kids are told not to play with a toy in a room. One group was threatened very severly, the other only mildly. Niether group played with the toy. According to cognitive dissonance theory, which group still finds the toy very attractive? | The severely threatened group |
| Which two compliance techniques involve the rule of reciprocity? | Door-in-the-face and that's-not-all |
| Conformity is higher for a person when the group ________ the person's responses and when ther person is of _________ status than the other group members. | Hears; lesser |
| The bystander effect refers to the finding that an observer of an emergency is less likely to help if the... | emergency is being observed by other people |
| Which of the following comments is most likely to be made by the leader of a group characterized by groupthink? | "We have been united on matters in the past and I hope that will continue" |
| When our expectations of a person elicit behavior from that person which confirms our expectations, this is a case of ... | Self-fulfilling prophecy |
| According to Freud, the ______, the executive of the peronality, is located ________. | Ego; in all three levels of consciousness |
| A woman has unacceptable feelings of hatred toward her mother, but lavishes attention and love on her. Freud would say that this is an example of.... | Reaction formation |
| Which of the following neo-Freudian theorists proposed "striving for superiority" as the primary motivation for personality development? | Alder |
| In Maslow's hierarchy of needs, _______ needs are at the bottom of the hierarchy, and _______ needs are at the top. | Physiological; self-actualization |
| In Roger's self theory, which of the following contributes greatly to one's self-actualization? | Unconditional positive regard |
| "Self-efficacy" is the answer to which of the following questions? | What is the sense of one's effectiveness in dealing with a particular situation? |
| After losing a tennis match, which of the following comments is a person most likely to make if self-serving bias is operating? | "My opponent had the advantage of playing on his home court" |
| Which of the following theoretical approaches uses factor analysis to determine the numbers of factors necessary to describe human personality? | The trait approach |
| Which one of these following personality factors is not one of the "Big Five" factors - Openness, Neuroticism, Psychoticism, or Agreeableness? | Psychoticism |
| Which of the following personality tests uses True-False items and generates a profile of the test taker on 10 clinical scales? MMPI, Rorschach Inkblots Test or TAT | MMPI |
| According to social-cognitive personality theorists, which of the following is least likely to lead to depression? Low sense or self-esteem, self-serving bias, external locus of control or learned helplessness | Self-serving bias |
| Which of the following trait dimensions is one of the "Big Five" personality dimensional labels? Aggressiveness, Effectiveness, Cheerfulness, Openness | Openness |
| Inferiority complex is to basic anxiety as _________ is to _________ | Adler; Horney |
| Imagine a patient who was just diagnosed with a serious illness. According to Rotter, if the patient has a strong internal locus of control, what is the patient's most likely response to the situation? | "I want to learn about this illness and work to fight it" |
| Glenn's room looks like a tornado hit it. He is incredibly messy. His car is filled with old pizza boxes, last month's newspapers and dirty laundry. According to Freud, Glenn is most likely fixated at the _______ stage. | Anal |
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