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Trachea has 2 tubes that branch into the ________.
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Bronchi branches into ___________.
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physiology 4
exam 4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Trachea has 2 tubes that branch into the ________. | bronchi |
| Bronchi branches into ___________. | bronchioles |
| Bronchioles branch into __________ ___________. | terminal bronchioles |
| Terminal bronchioles branch into _________ ___________. | respiratory bronchioles |
| Respiratory bronchioles branch into _______ _______. | alveolar ducts |
| Alveolar ducts branch into _________ ________. | alveolar sacs |
| Trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles = ______________ zone. | conducting |
| Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs = ______________ zone. | respiratory |
| The ___________ contain large amounts of smooth muscle. | bronchioles |
| The airways of the respiratory zone contain ____________ (site of gas exchange) and participate in gas exchange wit the blood. | alveoli |
| Bronchioles lack or have cartilage? | LACK |
| Trachea and bronchi contain cartilaginous rings or lack? | CONTAIN |
| The _________ are hollow air sacs that serve as the sites of gas exchange with the blood. | alveoli |
| There are _______ million alveoli in the lungs of an adult human. | 300 |
| Line the inner walls of the alveoli (main cells). | Type 1 Alveolar cells |
| Produce surfactant. | Type 2 Alveolar cells |
| Total surface area for gas exchange is the size of a _____ ______. | tennis court |
| Gas exchange occurs between air in the _______ and ________ contained within the alveolar walls. | alveoli/capillaries |
| Exchange of air between atmosphere and alveoli by BULK FLOW. | ventilation |
| Exchange of O2 and CO2 btwn alveolar air and blood in lung capillaries by diffusion. | simple diffusion |
| bulk flow occurs from regions of ____ to ____ pressure as determined by changes in thoracic volume. | high to low |
| Air flow rate is ________ proportional to the pressure difference between alveolar and atmospheric air. | directly |
| Air flow rate is ________ proportional to the resistance to air flow offered by the airways. | inversely |
| Changes in air pressure are inversely related to changes in air volume. | Boyle's Law |
| Inspiration = _________. | Inhalation |
| Expiration = _________. | exhalation |
| Composed of one inhalation + one exhalation | Respiratory cycle |
| _________ = movement of air into the alveoli | inhalation (inspiration) |
| _________ = movement of air out the alveoli | exhalation (expiration) |
| Contraction (lowering) of the diaphragm to create negative pressure, pulling air into the lungs | Inhalation |
| diaphragm contracts in response to stimulation by the ________ nerves. | phrenic |
| Elevation of the ribs _________ from the spine also contributes to expanding the thoracic cavity. | away |
| Elevation of the ribs away from the spine is accomplished mainly by contraction of the external _________. | intercostals |
| Relaxation of the diaphragm and elastic recoil of the lungs, chest wall, and abdominal structures. | Exhalation |
| Exhalation compress the lungs and pushes air out via _______ pressure. | positive |
| Contraction of __________ muscles facilitates exhalation during heavy breathing. (pushes the abdominal organs upward against the bottom of the diaphragm, compressing the lungs. | abdominal |
| lung compliance = ____________. | stretchability |
| The magnitude of the change in lung volume produced by a given change in the transpulmonary pressure. | lung compliance |
| Reflects how easily the lungs can stretch. | Lung compliance |
| The ________ the lung compliance, the more easily the lungs expand. | greater |
| _________ (lung) compliance means that a greater change in pressure must occur to fill the lungs. | low |
| 1 of 2 determinants of lung compliance that is determined by the thickness of the lung's connective tissue. ________ of the lung tissue. | Elasticity |
| One of two determinants of lung compliance = water lining the alveoli exhibits this | Surface tension |
| A detergent-like mixture of phospholipids and protein secreted by type 2 alveolar cells that reduces surface tension. | surfactant |
| True or False? The lungs wouldn't collapse if the alveoli were lined with pure water. | False - They would! |
| Increased lung compliance is the result of loss of elastic recoil in the lung. | Emphysema |
| Disease involves destruction of elastic connective tissue and the alveolar walls. | Emphysema |
| __________ __________ stimulates elastase release. | cigarette smoking |
| Increased compliance = alveoli ________. | destroyed. |
| ________ compliance = alveoli destroyed. | Increased |
| Scarring of the lung = ________ _______. | pulmonary fibrosis. |
| Decreased lung compliance is due to an excess of connective tissue fibers in the lung (greater elasticity). | Pulmonary Fibrosis |
| As in blood vessels, __________ is by far the most important factor determining resistance to flow. | radius |
| Airway resistance is usually very _______. | low |
| ________ pressure difference can move large volumes of air. | Small |
| The _________ resistance to airflow occurs in the medium-sized bronchi and larger bronchioles. | greatest |
| Despite their small radius, the _________ bronchioles contribute little total resistance to airflow because of the repetitive branching and parallel arrangement. | terminal |
| Elastic fibers attached to the airways pull them open during inhalation, decreasing resistance. | Lateral traction |
| Cause changes in resistance during the ventilatory cycle. | Physical factors |
| _______ pressure generated by elastic recoil increases airway resistance during exhalation. | positive. |
| Positive pressure generated by elastic recoil _______ airway resistance during exhalation. | increases |
| Chemical messengers cause bronchodilation and bronchoconstriction. | Chemical factors |
| Most common chronic pulmonary disease. | Asthma |
| Intermittent of chronic episodes of bronchoconstriction greatly increase airway resistance. | Asthma |
| Often associated with inflammatory response to allergens and hyper-responsiveness to intrinsic bronchoconstrictors (e.g. histamine). | Asthma |
| Asthma is treated with ____________ drugs. | bronchodilator |
| Muscarinic receptor antagonists --> block _______. | ACh |
| B2-adrenergic receptor agonists --> mimic _____. | Epi |
| Norepinephrine binds to B2-adrenergic receptors (bronchodilation) = __________ innervation. | sympathetic |
| _______ exhibits dual innervation of bronchial and bronchiolar smooth muscle. | ANS |
| Acetylcholine binds to muscarinic receptors (bronchoconstruction) = ___________ innervation. | parasympathetic |
| The volume of air entering the lungs during a single inhalation. | Tidal volume (TV) |
| The maximum volume of air that can be inhaled above TV. | Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) |
| The volume of air remaining in the lungs at rest, following a normal exhalation of the TV. | Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) |
| Maximum volume of air that can be forcibly exhaled below resting TV. | Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) |
| Volume of air still remaining in the lungs after exhalation of the ERV. | Residual Volume (RV) |
| Maximum volume of air that can be exhaled following maximum inspiration. | Vital Capacity (VC) |
| Maximum volume of air that can be inhaled after a normal tidal exhalation. | Inspiratory Capacity (IC) |
| Maximum volume of air the lungs can hold. | Total Lung Capacity (TLC) |
| total rate of ventilation | Minute Ventilation |
| T or F? Due to the presence of dead space in the airways and the alveoli, all of the minute ventilation exchanges gas with the blood. | False |
| Air in the airways that never reaches the alveoli = volume of the conducting airways (150mL) - volume of fresh entering the alveoli with each inspiration (Vt-Vd) | Anatomical Dead Space (Vd) |
| Total volume of fresh air entering the alveoli per minute. | Alveolar ventilation (Va) |
| Inspired air that reaches the alveoli, but does not participate in gas exchange with the blood. | Alveolar dead space |
| Alveolar dead space is normally ________ by ventilation-perfusion matching. | minimized |
| Alveolar dead space is greatly _________ by various kinds of lung disease (e.g., emphysema and pulmonary fibrosis) | increased |
| Ratio of CO2 produced to O2 consumed. | Respiratory quotient (RQ) |
| In a mixture of gases, the pressure exerted by each gas is independent of the pressure exerted by the other gases present. | Dalton's Law |
| The total pressure of the mixture of gases is simply the sum of the individual pressures exerted by each gas (called partial pressures) | Dalton's law |
| Atmospheric pressure=________ pressure | Barometric |
| The sum of the partial pressures exerted by all the above gases. | Atmospher/Barometric pressure |
| Atmospheric pressure is equal to ______ mmHg at sea level. | 760 |
| T or F? There is no active transport mechanism for O2 or CO2 (or any other gas). | True |
| _________ in the partial pressure of a particular gas (e.g., pO2 and pCO2 gradients) determine the passive net flux of that gas (i.e., the magnitude and direction of gas flux) | differences |
| The partial pressure of a gas in atmospheric air is _______ to its fractional concentration times the atmospheric pressure. | equal |
| _________ in pO2 and pCO2 determine the direction and magnitude of flux of those gases. | Differences |
| Systemic venous blood has _____ pO2 and ________ pCO2. | low/ high |
| __________ pO2 determines systemic arterial pO2. | alveolar |
| At ___________, O2 leaving the alveoli is = to O2 demand by the body's tissues. | steady-state |
| alveolar ventilation exceeds the rate of CO2 production | hyperventilation |
| alveolar pCO2 is __________ than normal resting value. | lower |
| Hyperventilation: alveolar ventilation is low relative to the rate of CO2 production | hypoventilation |
| Hypoventilation: alveolar pCO2 is _________ than normal resting value | higher |
| alveolar air flow rate | ventilation |
| pulmonary capillary blood flow rate | perfusion |
| An even more important cause of hypoxia in diseased lungs is a mismatch between air supply to alveoli (termed ______-________ inequality). | ventilation-perfusion |
| _________ occurs in diseased lungs b/c diffusion equilibrium can't be attained (e.g., emphysema, pulmonary fibrosis) | hypoxia |
| _________ leaving the pulmonary capillaries is in diffusion equilibrium with alveolar air. | blood |
| Local decrease in pulmonary blood pO2 causes ___________, which diverts blood away from a poorly ventilated area. | vasoconstriction |
| _______________, which diverts air to areas of the lung with better perfusion. | bronchoconstriction |
| _________ disease is accompanied by changes in lung compliance, airway resistance, and/or vascular resistance. These changes result in either __________ air supply or __________ blood supply to alveoli. | lung/decreased/decreased |
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lbreezy