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Skin
Chapter 5
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Integumentary System | The skin and all its associated structures |
| Epidermis | The outermost portion of the skin, and is composed entirely of epithelial cells and contains no blood vessels |
| What type of tissue is the epidermis? | Stratified Squamous Tissue |
| Strata | The thin layers of the epidermis |
| Stratum Basale | The deepest layer of the epidermis that produces new epidermal cells through the process of mitosis. |
| What is another name of the "stratum basale"? | Stratum Germinativum |
| Keratin | A protein that thickens and protects the skin. It also makes up the hair and nails. |
| What are the two things that keratin does for the skin? | 1. protects the skin 2. waterproofs the skin |
| What would happen if an individual lost their stratum basale of their skin? | 1. they would dehydrate (loose fluids) 2. easy for infections to enter |
| Stratum Corneum | The thick uppermost layer of the epidermis. |
| What happens to the cells in the stratum corneum as they get closer to the surface? | As the cells move closer to the surface, they become flatter and flatter. |
| What is a calus? | A think layer of cells that build up on the skin. This occurs because there is more mitosis going on. |
| What are blisters? | When water becomes trapped between the layers of the stratum corneum. |
| Exfoliation | The loss of cells from the surface of the skin. |
| Melanin | The dark pigment that gives skin its color. It also helps protect the skin from the harmful rays of sunlight. |
| Melanocytes | The cells that produce the pigment melanin. |
| Dermis | The "true skin" that sits below the epidermis. It is the deeper part of the skin. |
| What type of tissue is the dermis? | Fiborus Connective Tissue / Elastic Connective Tissue |
| How are cells in the epidermis nourished? | Because there are no blood vessels in the epidermis, the cells are nourished by capillaries in the underlying dermis. |
| What is another name for the dermis? | Cornium |
| What are two proteins found in the dermis? | 1. Collagen 2. Elastin |
| Dermal Papillae | Extensions of the dermis that project up into the epidermis. They contain blood vessels that supply the epidermis. |
| Subcutaneous Layer | The layer that connects the dermis to the surface muscles. |
| What are two other names used for the subcutaneous layer? | 1. Hypodermis 2. Superficial Fascia |
| What type of tissue is the subcutaneous layer? | 1. Elastic / Fiborus Tissue 2. Loose tissue (Areolar & Adipose) |
| What does the hypodermis do? | 1. It helps insulate (temperature regulator) 2. Energy is stored in fat |
| Sebaceous Glands | Glands that are oil producing. They prevent drying out of the skin and hair. |
| What 3 things do sebaceous glands produce? | 1. Sebum 2. Vernix Caseosa 3. Meibomian |
| Meibomian Glands | Glands that are associated with the eyelashes and produce a secretion that lubricates the eyes. |
| What are blackheads composed of? | They are made up of dried sebum and keratin |
| What happens to oil production to individuals as they are young? get older? | 1. Oil production increases during youth 2. Oil production decreases during old age |
| Sudoriferous Glands | Glands that produce sweat, and are found in the dermis and subcutaneous layers. |
| Eccrine | Sweat glands that regulate body temperature and vent directly to the surface of the skin through a pore. |
| Apocrine | Sweat glands that are found in the groin and axilla areas. They release their secretions through hair follicles (produce body odor). |
| Ceruminous Glands | Glands that are located in the ear canal that produce ear wax. |
| Cerumen | Ear wax |
| Ciliary Glands | Glands that are found on the edges of the eyelids. |
| What are 3 types of modified sweat glands? | 1. Ceruminous Glands 2. Ciliary Glands 3. Mammary Glands |
| What does sweat do? | Sweat helps cool down the body. If there is too much sweat = dehydration. |
| Which part of the hair is living? | The root (that is below the epidermis) |
| Which part of the hair is non-living? | The shaft (that extends above the epidermis) |
| How does hair grow? | It grows from the root, through the process of cell division called mitosis. |
| Arrector Pili | The muscle that is attached to a hair follicle that raises the hair (goose bumps). |
| What are the 4 functions of the skin? | 1. Protect against infection 2. Protection against dehydration 3. Regulation of body temperature 4. Collection of sensory information |
| When do blood vessels constrict and why? | In cold conditions, which helps reduce blood flow to the surface and diminish heat loss. |
| When do blood vessels dilate and why? | In warm conditions, which helps cool the body by bringing more blood to the surface so that heat can be dissipated. |
| What vitamin is needed for development and maintenance of bone tissue? | Vitamin D |
| What is carotene? | A pigment that comes from carrots and other orange and yellow vegetables. It is stored in fatty tissue and skin. |
| Where is carotene found? | In hemoglobin, which gives blood its color. |
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