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psy1
exam2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| stage 1 sleep | light sleep where you drift in and out of sleep and can be awakened easily. In this stage, the eyes move slowly and muscle activity slows. During this stage, many people experience sudden muscle contractions preceded by a sensation of falling. |
| stage 2 sleep | eye movement stops and brain waves become slower with only an occasional burst of rapid brain waves. |
| stage 3 sleep | extremely slow brain waves called delta waves are interspersed with smaller, faster waves. |
| stage 4 sleep | the brain produces delta waves almost exclusively |
| REM sleep | a stage of sleep characterized by rapid eye movements, which have been linked to dreaming. |
| Circadian rhythm | roughly 24-hour cycle in the biochemical, physiological, or behavioural processes of living entities on Earth, including plants, animals, fungi and cyanobacteria |
| classical conditioning | A simple form of associative learning that enables organisms to anticipate events. |
| Unconditioned stimulus(US) | a stimulus that elicits a response from an organism prior to conditioning. |
| Conditioned stimulus(CS) | a previously neutral stimulus that elicits a conditioned response because it has been paired repeatedly with a stimulus that already elicited that response |
| Unconditioned response(UR) | an unlearned response to an unconditioned stimulus. |
| Conditioned response(CR) | in classical conditioning, a learned response to a conditioned stimulus |
| Acquisition | first stages of learning when a response is established. In classical conditioning, acquisition refers to the period of time when the stimulus comes to evoke the conditioned response. |
| Generalization | in conditioning, the tendency for a conditioned reponse to be evoked by stimuli that are similar to the stimulus to which the response was conditioned. |
| Discrimination | the tendency for an organism to distinguish b/w a conditioned stimulus and similar stimuli that do not forecast an unconditioned stimulus. |
| Extinction | an experimental procedure in which stimuli lose their ability to evoked learned reponses because the events what had followed the stimuli no longer occur. |
| Spontaneous recovery | the recurrence of an extinguished response as a function of the passage of time. |
| Operant conditioning | a simple form of learning in which an organism learns to engage in behavior because it is reinforced |
| Reinforcement | a stimulus that follows a response and increases the frequency of the response |
| Punishment | an unpleasant stimulus that supresses the behavior it follows |
| Primary reinforcer | An unlearned reinforcer. |
| Secondary reinforcer | A stimulus that gains reinforcement value through association with established reinforcer. |
| Fixed-interval schedule | fixed amount of time must elapse between the previous and subsequent times that reinforcement is available |
| Variable-interval schedule | variable amount of time must elapse between the previous and subsequent times that reinforcement is available. |
| Fixed-ratio schedule | reinforcement is provided after a fixed number of correct responses. |
| variable-ratio schedule | reinforment is provided after a variable number of correct responses. |
| Shaping | A procedure for teaching complex behaviors that at first reinforces approximations of the target behavior |
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