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All cells have cell membranes, and all membranes are made of - and -.
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Everything dissolved in water is called a -.
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Biology Chapter 5
Stack #50154
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| All cells have cell membranes, and all membranes are made of - and -. | phospholipids, proteins. |
| Everything dissolved in water is called a -. | solute |
| Low concentration of solute = high concentration of water. | (blank) |
| A type of diffusion that deals with water across a plasma membrane. | Osmosis |
| Material in a cell which is bounded by a plasma membrane and a cell wall. | Cytoplasm |
| The movement of molecules from a higher to a lower concentration until equilibrium is achieved and the molecules are distributed equally. | Diffusion |
| The relative concentration of solute (particles), and therefore also of solvent (water) outside the cell complared to the inside of the cell. | Tonicity |
| The type of solution that has the came concentration of solute (and therefore of water) as the cell. | An isotonic solution (no movement of water) |
| The type of solution that has a higher solute (therefore, lower water) concentration than the cell.) | A hypertonic solution. (water moves out of the cell into the solution) |
| The type of solution that has a lower solute (therefore, higher water) concentration than the cell. | A hypotonic solution (water moves into the cell, causing the cell to expand) |
| The process that affects plant cells in a hypertonic solution, where the central vacoule loses water, and the cytoplasn fulls away from the cell wall. | plasmolysis |
| When plant cells are in a hypotonic solution, the large central vacuole gains water and exerts pressure, called -. | tugor pressure (the cytoplasm is pushed up against the cell wall) |
| The center of a prokaryote cell, where the DNA is. | the nucleoid |
| The center of a eukaryote cell, where the DNA is. | the nucleus |
| A nucleus is bounded by two phospholipid bilayer membranes, which together make up the -. | nuclear envelope |
| A semifluid matrix that fills the interior of the cell. | cytoplasm |
| The specialized, membreane-bounded compartments in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. | organelles |
| The - encloses a cell and separates its contents from its surroundings. | plasma membrane |
| - first discovered cells, calling them cellulae (Latin, "small rooms"). | Robert Hooke |
| The first living cells were observed by -, who called them "animalcules," meaning little animals. | Antonie van Leeuwenhoek |
| A cell is a membrane-bounded unit that contains the DNA hereditary machinery and cytoplasm. All organisms are cells or aggregates of cells. Multicellular organisms usually consist of many small cells rather than a few large ones because small cells allow | more rapid movement of molecules between the center of the cell and the environment. |
| Microscopes that magnify in stagesusing several lenses. | Compound microscopes |
| Microscopes in which electrons used to visualize the specimens are transmitted throught the material. | Transmission electron microscopes |
| Microscope that beams the electrons onto the surface of the specimen. | Scanning electron microscope |
| The simplest organisms. | Prokaryotes |
| Most prokaryotic cells are encased by a strong -. | cell wall |
| The two main groups of prokaryotes. | archaebacteria and bacteria |
| Type of bacteria that have a thick, single-layered cell wall that retains a violet dye from the - procedure, causing the stained cells to appear purple under a microscope. | Gram-positive, Gram stain |
| The type of bacteria that dies not retain the purple dye after Gram staining. | Gram-negative bacteria |
| Any of a class of carbohydrates whose molecules contain chains of monosaccharide molecules. | polysaccharide |
| A sugar not decomposable to simpler sugars by hydrolysis called (also simple sugar). | monosaccharide |
| A long, threadlike structure protruding from the surface of a cell, and used in locomotion. | A flagellum. (pl. flagella) |
| Prokaryotes are small cells that lack complex interior organization. They are encased by an exterior wall composed of carbohydrates cross-linked by short polypeptides, and some are propelled by rotating flagella. | (blank) |
| The system of internal membranes within eukaryotic cells that divide the cell into functional and structural compartments, or organelles. | The endomombrane system |
| Inside the nucleus, the DNA is wound tightly around proteins and packaged into compace units called -. | chromosomes |
| All eukaryotic cells are supported by an internal protein scaffold, the -. | cytoskeleton |
| The largest and most easily seen organelle within a eukaryotic cell. | The nucleus |
| A dark-staining zone in the nuclei, where intensive synthesis of ribosomal RNA is taking place. (RNA is being made) | Nucleolus |
| Scattered over the surface of the nuclear envelope, like craters on the moon, are shallow depressions called -. | nuclear pores |
| A threadlike linear strand of DNA in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. | A chromosome |
| Forms chromosomes when the cell divides. | chromatin |
| Packaging proteins associated with chromosomes. | histones |
| DNA is loosely coiled around clusters of histones called -. | nucleosomes (looks like beads on a string, where DNA is the string, and the histones are the beads) |
| The nucleus of a sukaryotic cell contains the cell's genetic information and isolates it from the rest of the cell. A distinctive feature of eukaryotes is the organization of their DNA into complex chromosomes. | (blank) |
| The - fills the cell, dividing it into compartments, channeling the passage of molecules through the interior of the cell, and providing surfaces for the synthesis of lipids and some proteins. | endomembrane system |
| The largest of the internal membranes in a eukaryotic cell. | The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) |
| Proteins to be exported from the cell contains special amino acid sequences called -. | signal sequences |
| The Golgi apparatus is made up of - which are flattened stacks of membranes. | Golgi bodies |
| Membrane-bounded digestive vesticles which arise from the Golgi apparatus. | lysosomes |
| The four types of eukaryotic cells. | Plants, animals, fungi, and protists. |
| Eukaryotic cells contain a variety of enzyme-bearing, membrane-enclosed visticles called -. | microbodies |
| Plant cells have a special type of microbody called a -, which contains enzymes that convert fats into carbohydrates. | glyoxysome |
| A - is a type of microbody that contains enzymes that catalyze the removal of electrons and associated hydrogen atoms. | peroxisome |
| The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an extensive system of folded membranes that spatialy organize the cell's biosynthetic activities. The Golgi apparatus collects, packages, modifies, and distributes molecules. Lysosomes and peroxisomes are vesticles that | contain digestive and tetoxifying enzymes. The isolation of these enzymes in vesticles protects the rest of the cell from the very reactive chemistry occuring inside. |
| The two types of organelles. | Mitrochondria ("power house") and the chloroplast (stacks of pancakes) |
| The inner folded membrane in mitochondria. | cristae |
| The cristae partition the mitrochondrion into two compartments: a -, lying inside the inner membrane; and an outer compartment, or -, lying between the two mitochondrial membranes. | matirx, intermembrane space |
| Plant cells contain -, which contain clorophyll, which is what allows the plants to use photosynthesis. | chloroplasts |
| Chloroplasts may contain a hundred or more -, which are closed compartments of stacked membranes. | grana (singular, granum) |
| The network of protein fibers that crisscrosses the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells, supporting the shape of the cell and anchoring organelles to fixed locations. | Cytoskeleton |
| The individual fibers of the cytoskeleton form by a process called -. | polymerization |
| The three types of cytoskeletal fibers which eukaryotic cells may contain. | Actin filaments, Microtubules, and Intermediate filaments |
| - help assenble an animal cell's microtubules. | Centioles |
| The area surrounding the pair of centrioles. | The centrosome |
| Nature's tiniest motors, - literally pulls the transport vesticles along the microtubular tracks. | kinesin |
| A set of proteins, called the -, binds vesticles to the motor protein -. | dynactin complex, dynein |
| The microtubules of the flagellum are derived from a -, situated just below the point where the flagellum protrudes from the surface of the cell. | basal body |
| Minute hairlike organelles, identical in structure to flagella, that line the surfaces of certain cells and beat in rhythmic waves, providing locomotion. | cilia |
| A large, hollow-looking space in plant cells that is used for storage. | Central vacuole |
| The three layers of plant cell walls. | primary walls (laid down while the cell is still growing), middle lamella (sticky substance that glues the cells together), and secondary walls (inside the primary walls). |
| Plant, fungi, and some protist cells store substances in a large central vacuole, and encase themselves within strong cell walls. | (blank) |
| Animal cells have no cell wall. Instead that have an -, made up of -. | extracellular matrix (ECM), glycoproteins |
| The extracellular matrix uses - to bind to proteins in the plasma membrane called -. | fibronectin, integrins |
| In animal cells, which lack a cell wall, the cytoskeketon is linked by integrin proteins to a web of glycoproteins called the extracellular matrix. | (blank) |
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melodious88