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Pharm
Pharm definitions
| Word | Definition |
|---|---|
| Tolerance | Progressive decrease in effectiveness of a drug after time - requires increasing drug amount to produce the same effect |
| Therapeutic Effect | The intended effect of a drug |
| Tachyphylaxis | Dimished response to a drug after routine usage |
| Anaphylaxis | An allergic reaction between an allergic antigen (drug) and immunoglobulins |
| Side Effect | Drug effects other that those intended |
| Teratogens | Drugs that are known to cause birth defects |
| Carcinogens | Any drug/substance that produces cancer or increases the risk of developing cancer |
| Efficacy | The ability of a drug to produce a desired therapeutic effect |
| Affinity | The tendency of a drug to combine with a certain receptor on the surface of a cell membrance and produce a desired effect |
| Potentiation | The synergistic action of 2 substances where the total effect together are greater than the individual effects of each substance |
| Therapeutic Dose | The therapeutic dose is the recommended amount of a drug that should be used to obtain the desired clinical effect |
| Median Lethal Dose (LD 50) | This is the dose at which 50% of the test animals die |
| Median Effective Dose (ED50) | This is the dose at which 50% of the test animals show the desired effect |
| Therapeutic Index (TI) | This is the ratio of the LD50 to ED50 that give a relative indication as to the safety of a drug TI=LD50/ED50 The greater the TI or the greater the difference between the LD50 and ED50 greater safety of drug - TI close to zero more toxic |
| Agonist | Is a drug that is able to bind to a receptor site and initiates a cellular response. An agonist possesses efficacy and affinity |
| Antagonist | Is a drug that is able to bind to a receptor sit to prevent stimulation of a receptor - prevents agonists from stimulating receptors. Has affinity but no efficacy. ie. gets to receptor but no effect. eg. paralytics |
| Loading Dose | Administering sufficient quantites of a drug to attain therapeutic levels quickly |
| Maintainance Dose | The amount of a drug required to keep a desired mean steady-state concentration in tissues |
| Half Life | Is the time necessary to reduce an initial dose by half. Characteristics sucha as plasma protein binding, metabolism, and elimination all contribute to the half-life b/c these processes remove drug from blood. Important for determining frequency of dosing |
| Pka | The negative logarithm of the ionization constant of an acid. It is a measure of the strength of an acid |
| Synergism | Occurs when 2 drugs work together by different mechanisms of action |
| Cumulation | The increased activity of a drug when repeated doses accumulate in the body and exert a greater biologic effect than the initial dose. Eg. Morphine stays in fat |
| Bioavailability | The proportion of drug that reaches systemic circulation to preduce effect required - affected by absorption, inactivation, blood flow, volume. Ie. not 100% of drug will be working |
| Chronotropes | Increase/decrease heart rate |
| Inotropes | Increase/decrease the strength of the contractility of the heart (how much it pumps) |
| Dromotropes | Increase/decrease the rate of conduction speed of the heart |
| Alpha 1 | receptor cause excitation resulting in vasoconstriction in periphery |
| Alpha 2 | receptors result in inhibition of further NT release in the periphery thereby perform a negative feedback control mechanism |
| Beta 1 | receptros when stimulated increase the heart rate and force of cardiac contraction |
| Beta 2 | receptors when stimulated relax bronchial smooth muscle and vascular bed of skeletal muscles |
| Beta 3 | receptors when stimulated result in lipolysis |
| Where are ALPHA receptors found | on peripheral blood vessels and stimulation results in vasoconstrictino |
| Where are BETA receptors found | on lipocytes; bronchial, vascular, and smooth muscle and in the heart (beta 1) |
| Alpha 1 found? | peripheral blood vessels |
| Alpha 2 found? | presynaptic sympathetic, CNS |
| Beta 1 found? | heart |
| Beta 2 found? | smooth muscle |
| Beta 3 found? | lipocytes |
| Salbutamol (brand name, onset, peak, duration) | Ventolin, 1-15 min, 30-60 min, 5-8 hours |
| Levalbuterol (brand name, onset, peak, duration) | Xopenex, 1-5 min, 30-60 min, 5-8 hours |
| Formoterol (brand name, onset, peak, duration) | Oxeze, 3 min, 1-2 hours, 12 hours |
| Terbutaline (brand name, onset, peak, duration) | Bricanyl, 5-30 min, 30-60 min, 3-6 hours |
| Racemic Epinephrine (brand name, onset, peak, duration) | Micronefrin, 3-5 min, 5-20 min, 0.5-2 hours |
| Salmeterol (brand name, onset, peak, duration) | Serevent, 20-30 min, 3-5 hours, 12 hours |
| Ipratropium Bromide (brand name, onset, peak, duration) | Atovent, 15 min, 1-2 hours, 4-6 hours |
| Ipratropium Bromide and Salbutamol (brand name, onset, peak, duration) | Combivent, 15 min, 1-2 hours, 4-6 hours |
| Tiptropium Bromide (brand name, onset, peak, duration) | Spiriva, 30 min, 3 hours, 24 hours |
| Advair contains? | salmeterol/fluticasone |
| Combivent contains? | salbutamol/ipratropium |
| Symbicort contains? | budesonide/formoterol |
Created by:
DV8
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