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Vision: Mod 11

Intro to Sensation and Perception

QuestionAnswer
Sensation The process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment.
Perception The process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recoginze meaningful objects and events.
Bottom-up processing Analysis that begins with sense receptors and works up to the brain's integration of sensory information.
Top-down processing Information processing guided by higer-level mental processes, constructing perceptions from our own experience and expectations.
Psychophysics The study of relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli, such as their intensity, and our psychological experience of them.
Absolute Threshold The minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50 percent of the time.
Difference Threshold The minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50 percent of the time. Also known as (JND) just noticeable difference.
Subliminal Below's one absolute threshold for concious awareness.
Priming The activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one's perception, memory, or response.
Weber's Law The principle that, to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage (rather than a constant amount).
Sensory adaptation Diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation.
Wavelength the distance from the peak of one light sound wave to the peak of the next. Electromagnetic wavelengths vary from the short blips of cosmic rays to the long pulses of radio transmission.
Hue the dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light; waht we know as the color names blue, green, and so forth.
Accomodation The process by which the eye's lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina.
Rods Retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray; necessary for peripheral and twilight vison, when cones don't respond.
Cones Retinal receptor cells that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in daylight or in well-lit conditions. The cones detect fine detail and give rise to color sensations.
Optic Nerve The nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain.
Blind Spot The point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a "blind" spot because no receptor cells are located there.
Fovea The central focal point in the retina around which the eye's cone's cluster.
Feature detectors Nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus, such as shape, angle, or movement.
Parallel processing The processing of many aspects of a problem stimultaneously; the brains natural mode of information processing for many functions, including vision.Contrasts with the step-by-step (serial) processing fo most computers and of conscious problem solving.
Young-Helmholtz trichromatic (three color) theory The theory that the reitna contains there different color receptors-one most sensitive to red, one to green, one to blue- which when stimulated in combination can produce the perception of any color.
Opponent-processing theory The theory that opposing retinal processes (red-green, yellow-blue, white-black) enable color vision. For example, some cells are stimulated by green and inhibited by red; others are stimulated by red and inhibited by green.
retina the multilayered light-sensitive surface in the eye that records electromagnetic energy and converts it to neural impulses for processing in the brain.
binding In the sense of vision, the bringing together and integration of what is processed by different neural pathways or cells.
trichromatic theory Theory stating that color perception is produced by three types of cone receptors in the retina that are particularly sensitive to different, but overlapping, ranges of wavelengths.
ESP-extrasensory perception a person can read another person's mind or perceive future events in the absence of concrete sensory input.
Photoreception detection of light, perceived as sight
Mechanoreception detection of pressure, vibration, and movement, perceived as touch, hearing, and equillibrium
Chemoreception detection of chemical stimuli, perecieved as smell and taste
Chemoreception, Mechanoreception, Photoreception the main classes into which the sense organs and sensory receptors fall.
opponent-processing theory States that cells in the visual system respond to complementary pairs of red-green and blue-yellow colors; a given cell might be excited by red and inhibited by green, whereas another cell might be excited by yellow and inhbited by blue.
figure-ground relationship the principle by which we organize the perceptual field into stimuli that stand out (figure) and those that are left over (ground).
gestalt psychology A school of thought interested in how people naturally organize their perceptions according to certain patterns.
binocular cues Depth cues that depend on the combination of the images in the left and right eyes and on the way the two eyes work together.
convergence A binocular cue to depth and distance in which the muscle movements in our two eyes provide information about how deep and/or far away something is.
monocular cues Powerful depth cuses available from the image in one eye,either the right or the left.
apparent movement The perception that a stationary object is moving.
perceputal constancy the recognition that objects are constant and unchanging even though sensory input about them is changing.
size constancy an object remains the same even though the retinal image of the object changes eg. no matter how far away you are from an object you know what the real size of it is.
shape constancy oan object retains the same shape even though the orientation to you changes.
color constancy an object retains the same color even though different amount of light fall on it.
Examples of Moncular cues are: Familiar size, height in the field of view, Overlap, Shading, and Texture gradient.
Created by: Msmlb_93
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