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PSY 265-Part 3-a
Theories of Personality - Environmental Strategy & Behavioral Approach
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Social Learning | Situations in which the conditions surrounding a modification of behavior includes the actions & reactions of another person or of a group |
| First behavioral theorists | Dollard & Miller |
| Learning | A change or modification in behavior as result of experience |
| Dollard & Miller incorporated the views of these two theorists: | Freud & Hull-Spence's |
| In E = H x D, E is: | The Reaction Potential of a rRsponse; the likelihood & vigor of a response |
| In E = H x D, H is: | Habit strength |
| H, or 'habit strength', is influenced by: | * # of times habit was reinforced * magnitude of the reinforcer * delay of the reinforcement |
| (Dollard & Miller's) D, or "drive" is: | Amy strpmg stimulus that impels action; also a deficit-need, & is operationally defined |
| Dollard & Miller's Four Events that characterized Learning: | Drive, Cue, Response, & Reinforcement. |
| (Dollard & Miller's) Cue is: | A signal that directs behavior |
| (Dollard & Miller's) Response is: | The Act/Behavior |
| (Dollard & Miller's) Reinforcement is: | a specific event that strengthens the tendency for a response to be repeated |
| (D&M) A stimulus is a reinforcer because: | it reduces the strength of a drive. |
| (Dollard & Miller's) Primary Drives are: | Biological/Physiological |
| (Dollard & Miller's) Secondary Drives are: | Non-physiological, derives their drive properties from their association with primary drives. |
| Can have both drive properties & cue properties: | A Stimulus. |
| Conflict Theory: | When an individual wishes to pursue two or more goals that are mutually exclusive. |
| Approach - Approach Conflict: | Both goals are desirable & mutually exclusive. |
| Approach-Avoidance Conflict | Approaches a goal only to avoid another, more aversive goal. |
| Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict | Avoid desirable goal because of the aversive goal that comes with it. |
| (Dollard & Miller) In conflict theory people will eventually respond to: | The goal that has more strength. |
| (Dollard & Miller) The strength of the goal will be affected by: | The distance from the goal (in time & place, etc.) |
| The nearer we are to the goal the stronger the tendency is to: | Approach it |
| The nearer we are to the aversive goal, the stronger the tendency is to: | Avoid it. |
| As we get nearer to the equally desirable/aversive goal, is our tendency to approach/avoid it equal? | No; desire to avoid aversive goal increases more rapidly than desire to approach a desirable goal. |
| Albert Bandura was a: | Cognitive behaviorist |
| Bandura, "Learning": | "Stimulus-Stimulus" association (aquisition) |
| (Albert Bandura)"Learning" required: | Attention to the association of stimuli & Retention of the info. |
| To Albert Bandura, there was a difference between: | "Learning" and "Acceptance"(or performance) |
| (Albert Bandura) Acceptance/performance depended on: | Anticipated consequences & motoric reproduction |
| (Bandura)For learning to occur: | "response" or "reinforcement" not necessary, there is a difference bw "learning" & "performance" |
| (D&M) For learning to occur: | Response & reinforcement ARE necessary, and there is no differenc b/w learning/aquisition & performing/acceptance |
| Self-efficacy | Expectations; whether we perceive we can successfully execute the behavior necessary to produce a desired outcome. |
| Self efficacy is a reciprocal relationship b/w : | the person, the situation, & the behavior |
| Outcome expectancies | involve situational input, refer to how obtainable the desired outcome is |
| Self-efficacy is influenced by: | personal accomplishments, vicarious experiences, verbal persuasion & emotional arousal |
| (Walter Mischel) Person variables- | relatively enduring cognitive & behavioral attributes that interact & vary w the environment |
| Temporal Consistency | whether behavior is consistent within a situation |
| Cross-situational Consistency | whether behavior is consistent between contexts/situations |
| Consistency Paradox | We typically believe ppl are consistent, because we typically see ppl in temporally-consistent situations |
| Made a distinction b/w temporal consistency & cross-situational consistency | Walter Mischel |
| Sex-typed | traits conform closely to their own genetic sex |
| Cross-sex typed | traits tend to conform to opposite sex, and show few traits associated w their own sex |
| Sex-typed undifferentiated | traits do not conform well to either genetic sex; "it" |
| Androgynous | many traits that are associated w both female & male stereotypes, the role they display is associated w the context |
| Systematic desensitization is: | a classical conditioning therapy that tries to get the individual to relax in the presence of the anxiety-provoking stimuli |
| Aversion therapy is: | a classsical conditioning therapy that associates the maladaptive behavior with a negative emotional response |
| Premack Principle | operant/skinnerian therapy; low frequency behaviors are made contingent w a high frequency behavior to increase their likelihood |
| Token economies | an operant/skinnerian therapy; tokens can be saved & spent, etc. |
| Response Cost | valued stimuli is removed when undesirable action is performed |
| Prompt | Signal/cue to perform behavior |
| Shaping | Reinforce progressively closer approximations to desired behavior |
| Modeling is a: | Social learning technique involved in aquisition of skill |
| Participant Modeling | Therapist models the feared behavior and then prompts fearful person to imitate the behavior. |
| Coping Modeling | Model is initially somewhat anxious but gradually overcomes fear. |
| Error of Affirming the Consequent | because behavior was generated under one set of consequences/circumstances, means that every time this behavior occurs, it developed because of the same set of circumstances |
| Limitations of the Behavioral Approach: | No comprehensive theory,overdependance on lab experimentation w no theory guiding practice, low external validity, simplistic, deterministic |
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