Question 1

Psychosocially, one of the most important tasks of a middle-school child is to:

Accepted Answer

Learn how to get along with peers.

Question 2

The difference in the psychosocial development of young children as compared to middle school children is that:

Accepted Answer

Young children's engocentrism makes them less affected by another's acceptance or rejection.

Question 3

The term "culture of children" means:

Accepted Answer

The particular habits and styles reflecting rules and rituals that are distinct from those of adult society.

Question 4

Eleven-year-old Eric raised thousands of dollars for Katrina disaster victims. He believes that his efforts will help to improve some victims living conditions. He is demonstrating:

Accepted Answer

Social efficacy.

Question 5

The __________ level emphasizes rewards and punishments; while the ___________ level emphasizes moral principles.

Accepted Answer

Preconventional; postconventional.

Question 6

Kohlberg's view of children's development of moral reasoning was criticized because he:

Accepted Answer

did not recognize the shift from adult to peer values.

Question 7

Research on social acceptance among children indicates that:

Accepted Answer

some children are well-liked, others aren't, and those in both groups change over time.

Question 8

Rita, who is unpopular among her peers, frequently ridicules and antagonizes other children. Here behavior suggests that she is a (n):

Accepted Answer

aggressive-rejected child.

Question 9

The ability to regulate one's emotions and actions through effort, not simply through natural inclination, is referred to as:

Accepted Answer

Effortful control.

Question 10

Boys who bully tend to:

Accepted Answer

use physical aggression.

Question 11

Norwegian researcher Dan Olweus's program to reduce bullying included the interventions of:

Accepted Answer

teaching students to befriend lonely children.

Question 12

Which of the following statements concerning bullying is true?

Accepted Answer

Efforts to reduce bullying have rarely been successful; Programs to reduce bullying that appear to be good might actually be harmful; Intervention is less effective in the higher grades than in the younger grades.

Question 13

Research on temperaments of monozygotic twins supports the finding that:

Accepted Answer

a mother's emotional attitudes toward her twins are one factor that influences the twins' behavior.

Question 14

Family _______ refers to the legal and genetic relationships of related people living together, and family ____________ refers to the way a family works to care for its members.

Accepted Answer

structure; function.

Question 15

Which statement regarding family function and structure is true?

Accepted Answer

Family structure does not determine family function, but family structure affects family function.

Question 16

The family structure that is most rapidly increasing the U.S. is the:

Accepted Answer

single father, divorced, or never married.

Question 17

Research indicates that parents in nuclear families tend to:

Accepted Answer

have personal and financial strengths that make them better parents.

Question 18

According to your text, families who are very wealthy raise children with high rates of emotional problems. This is thought to be, in part, because:

Accepted Answer

of stress.

Question 19

According to research, children who experience many family transitions are more like to:

Accepted Answer

quit school.

Question 20

Between ages 6 and 11, children show psychosocial maturation by their ability to:

Accepted Answer

tell time and have set times of activities.

Question 21

To say something is empirical means that it is:

Accepted Answer

based on data.

Question 22

Developmentalists:

Accepted Answer

come from many different academic disciplines.

Question 23

Dynamics-systems theory stresses:

Accepted Answer

fluctuations and transitions.

Question 24

Brofenbrenner recommended a (an):

Accepted Answer

Ecological systems approach.

Question 25

Which of the following is a characteristic of development named by your text?

Accepted Answer

Multidirectional

Question 26

Which of the five characteristics of development identified by the text did Brofenbrenner emphasize?

Accepted Answer

Multicontextual.

Question 27

Which of the following is true of socioeconomic status (SES)

Accepted Answer

Sometimes SES is called "social class".

Question 28

According to your text, social scientists refer more often to "ethnicity" and "culture" than to "race" because:

Accepted Answer

"Race" is a misleading, socially constructed term.

Question 29

Why would a scientist repeat a research study with a different group of participants, using the same procedures that were used in the original study?

Accepted Answer

To verify or dispute the original study's conclusions.

Question 30

The story about the author's nephew David illustrates:

Accepted Answer

plasticity.

Question 31

According to Berger, psychosocial development for children ages 2 to 6 is:

Accepted Answer

multifaceted, involving genes, gender, parents, peers, and culture.

Question 32

Children who master ________________ have learned when and how to express emotions.

Accepted Answer

emotional regulation.

Question 33

The belief in one's own ability, a personal estimate of success and worthiness is called:

Accepted Answer

self esteem.

Question 34

A source of pride develops in preschoolers when they predict that they can accomplish impossible tasks. This is sometimes called:

Accepted Answer

protective optimism.

Question 35

Both shame and guilt arise from social standards. Guilt, however, originates from within, while shame:

Accepted Answer

Depends upon other people.

Question 36

The signs of a psychological disorder in children are usually first evident in their:

Accepted Answer

lack of impulse control, are unable to exercise enough control over their emotions, are unable to develop control.

Question 37

At night, Brooks, age 4, is afraid of the sound of the train whistle and of going to bed without a light on. His excessive fears are an expression of:

Accepted Answer

lack of prefrontal cortex development.

Question 38

____________ is the understanding of the feelings and concerns of others and ___________ is the feelings of anger, distrust, and dislike toward another person.

Accepted Answer

Emapthy; antipathy.

Question 39

Which of the follwing is a prerequisite for being able to read others' emotions accurately and thus display appropriate empathy?

Accepted Answer

theory of mind.

Question 40

Many researchers have traced the effects of parenting on child development, but the researcher whose findings in this area are currently most influential is:

Accepted Answer

Baumrind.

Question 41

___________ are nurturing, accepting, and attentive to their children, while ___________ parents seem aloof and rarely show affection.

Accepted Answer

Permissive; authoritarian.

Question 42

According to longitudinal studies, children who become successful, intelligent, happy, and generous adults generally have parents who were:

Accepted Answer

authoritative.

Question 43

According to your text, one common cause of children both internalizing and externalizing problems is:

Accepted Answer

ineffective parenting.

Question 44

In relating discipline to a young child's developmental characteristics, it is important to remember:

Accepted Answer

children are actively forming theory of mind and self concepts necessary for empathy and prosocial behaviors.

Question 45

According to research, children of all ages who watch violence on television:

Accepted Answer

become more violent themselves.

Question 46

American children of every ethnic and economic group spend ___________ daily exposed to electronic media.

Accepted Answer

3 to 4 hours.

Question 47

Longitudinal research has shown that:

Accepted Answer

depending on the content of TV programs, content can facilitate learning.

Question 48

Research suggests that preschoolers who watched TV violence and imitated the actions of cartoon characters:

Accepted Answer

were more violent, were less creative, and went on to have lower grades.

Question 49

Freud postulated that young boys have an unconscious desire to replace their fathers and win their mother's exclusive love. He called this:

Accepted Answer

the Oedipus complex.

DP Midterm

Developmental Psychology Midterm

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