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Psyc1020
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the three ingredients of Darwinian evolution | Heritability, Variability and Differential Reproductive Success |
| What is the difference between natural selection and sexual selection? | Natural Selection = survival of the individual, Sexual Selection = reproductive success of the individual |
| Describe differential reproductive success | It produces selection pressure for traits that increase reproductive success. These traits will increase in frequency from one generation to the next. |
| What are some characteristics of natural selected traits? | Fixation (little variability across population), usually same across sexes |
| What are some characteristics of sexually selected traits? | typically a lot of variation between sexes, can be variation within a generation, must be enough variation to distinguish between high and low quality mates |
| What is the difference between ultimate and proximate causes as relating to behaviour | Ultimate causes are those that involve evolutionary history and adaptive significance of behaviour. Proximate causes relate to individual developmental and experential history and biological and neural underpinnings |
| What are the characteristics of Mendellian behaviours | Don't impact survival, have a good spread across a population eg tongue rolling |
| What decides whether a child has prader-wili syndrome or angelman syndrome | Whether the chromomal deficit comes from the mother (angelman) or father (prader-wili) |
| What is the most common human reproductive strategy | Polygyny - one male, several females. Others strategies include polyandry (1f,2+M) Polygynandry (2+F,2+M) |
| How does waist to hip ratio effect attractiveness | As WHR goes up, attractiveness goes down |
| What two hormones contribute to monogamy | Oxytocin (mating & trust), Vasopressin (single partner preference, grooming) |
| What is a simple definition of learning | Behavioural change as a function of experience |
| What is habituation | Strength of elicited behaviour decreases with repeated exposure to eliciting stimulus |
| True or false. Simple forms of learning involve more than one stimulus. | False. Only involve one stimulus eg habituation |
| What are the two types of conditioning that constitue associative learning | Classical and Operational |
| In Pavlovs conditioning of the dog, what were the US, UR, NS, CS & CR | US-Food, UR - salivation, NS - Sound, CS - Sound, CR - salivation |
| What are some types of US used for appetitive conditioning | pleasant eg food, water, sexual mate, warmth, comfort |
| What are some types of US used for aversive conditioning | unpleasant eg strong odour, loud noise, shock |
| Learning ot ignore the sound of dripping water is an example of? | Habituation |
| In Pavlov's original experiment, the metronome is initially a ____ stimulus because it (does/does not) evoke salivation? | Neutral, Does not |
| The food is a ___ stimulus because it elicits a____ response of salivation | unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response |
| In a basic classical conditioning a ___ is paired with a _____ which in turn elicits a ____. As a result the first stimulus becomes a _____ which elicitis a ______ | neutral stimulus, unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, conditioned stimulus, conditional response |
| What is the process of developing and strengthening a CR through repeated pairings of an NS and US | Acquisition |
| What is extinction when referring to classical conditioning | The gradual loss of the CR in the repeated presentation of CS without US (learned helplessness) |
| What is the difference between generalisation and discrimination | Generalisation - CR to similar CS, Discrimination - CR only to specific CS eg only responding to note of C, not D |
| What is operant conditioning | The process in which future probability of behaviour is affected by its consequences eg children doing homework for a reward |
| What are the 3 phases of operant conditioning | 1. Operant behaviour 2. Consequences of behaviour, 3. Change in probability of that behaviour |
| Reinforcers are those consequences that ___ a behaviour, while, punishers are those consequences that ___ a behaviour | increase, decrease |
| Negative consequence involve the _____ of a stimulus. Positive consequences involve the ____ of a stimulus | Removal, addition |
| What is the Premack principle | A high probability behaviour can be used to reinforce a low probability behaviour eg do chores to get to read comics |
| Why is nausea less of an aversive conditioner than shock | Biological predisposition to associate fear-relavent stimuli with fear, than fear-irrelevant stimuli |
| Describe Hebb's Consolidation Hypothesis | Information maintained in STM for long time, causes permanent changes in neural substrate, transferring STM contents to LTM. Problems with hypothesis - ignores importance as opposed to time, assumes all LTM material goes through STM |
| Describe Craik & LOckhart's Levels of Processing Hypothesis | Two levels of rehearsal - maintenance and elaborative. Maintenance keeps info in STM, Elaborative eg studying moves it to LTM. The deeper the processing the greater the LTM storage. |
| Types of Mnemonics? | Method of Loci (link items to places in LTM), Peg Word (link items to other words), narrative stories |
| What is the difference between episodice and semantic memory and is there evidence for the distinction | Semantic - memory for facts, lists, words, Episodic - biographical, events, storybook. Controversial division, no strong evidence |
| What is the difference between explicit and implicit memory | Explicit - deliberate effort to remember (recall words) Implicit - memory is an unintended consequence of other task (word associations) |
| What part of the brain interfered with spatial learning when damaged in rats in milky liquid experiment | Hippocampus (If Hippocampus is damaged, hippo wanders aimlessly around camp, looking for tent) |
| fMRI & PET scans are good for ______ acuity, but poor for _______ temporal acuity, and EEG and MEG scans are good for ______ & bad for ______ | spatial, temporal, temporal spatial |
| Which neurochemical appears to be highly involved in working memory | acetylcholine |
| What is the psychological term for making memories from stimuli and what part of the brain is involved | encoding, left prefrontal cortex, (semantic more specific, episodic more general) |
| What is the term for acting upon stored memories and what part of the brain is involved | Retrieval, right-sided frontal and prefrontal |
| What does HERA propose regarding Lateralisation and memory | Hemispheric Encoding-Retrieval Asymmetry - encode left, retrieve right |
| Describe the two types of memory interference | Retroactive - learning new material interferes with previously learned material. Proactive - Old material interferes wit new material |
| With respect to the study of consciousness what do easy and hard problems refer to? | Easy - function or neurobiology of consciousness. Hard - Why do we have it, what is the experience of consciousness |
| What are neural correlates of consciousness | Things that change in the brain when states of consciousness changes |
| Blindsight is caused by damage to which area | V1 - Primary Visual Area (back of head, detects basic visual features). Unaware of object, but acts aware |
| Where do Crick and Koch think awareness happens | Prefrontal Cortex |
| What does Crick's biological theory of consciousness propose? | That conscious experience is created by seperate information joining together, "binding" and that binding is caused by neurons in different areas oscillating together. |
| What are the basic ideas of Penrose & Hameroff's Biological Theory? | Consciousness is observable and linear, driven by an unobservable quantum process, occuring in the microtubules, relies on several basic elements of quantum mechanics |
| Describe Baar's Cognitive theory of consciousness. | Focusses on mental systems, proposes a global workspace |
| Describe Dennett's cognitive theory | Consciousness is a series of drafts of sensory information that are constantly updated and give us an interpretation of the world |
| What is the difference between top down and bottom up processing | Bottom up is automatic, top down is active, directed processing |
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