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sci.-skeletal_system
science skeletal system unit quiz bodkins
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| endoskeleton- what it is, advantages/disadvantages | -in animals with a backbone (vertebrate) -internal skeleton -bones and joints advantages: protects inner organs better, grows with you, movement and flexibility disadvantages: skin, muscles, blood vessles- unprotected |
| exoskeleton- what it is, advantages/disadvantages | -external skeleton -molting (shed exoskeleton as it grows) -chitin: hard substance ex. lobsters -calcium carbonate: shells ex. snail advantages: protects outerbody, protects internal organs disadvantages: moulting (vunerable), not flexible, no move |
| hydrostatic skeleton- what it is, advantages/disadvantages | -invertebrates (animals w/o a backbone) -water capsules serve as backbone -fluid filled compartments ad.- very flexible, cant "break", well adapted to water, fit into small spaces dis.: weaker, cant grow very large, not adapted to land ex. worm |
| appendicular skeleton- where it is, what makes it up | attached to the axial skeleton "everything else" bones: -pelvis -leg bones -arm bones |
| axial skeleton- where it is, what makes it up | right in the middle of your body main part, everything else is connected bones: -sternum -skull -spine -sternum -ribs |
| 4 main catagories of bones | long, short, flat, irregular |
| long bones- example, structure/ function | function: support structure: dense, hard, able to take weight and pressure example: femur, humerus, phalanges |
| short bones- example, structure/ function | function: flexibility structure: there are a lot of bones, which come together to make a lot of joints examples: -tarsals -carpals |
| flat bones- example, structure/ function | function: protection structure: "shield-like" in front of vital organs examples: -cranium -ribs |
| irregular bones- example, structure/ function | function: depends on bone structure: depends on bone example: vertebrae structure- hole in the center, axis/atlas parts function- hole in center where spinal cord nerve fits through, protects spinal cord |
| what is a joint? | where to bones come together allows for movement, (bending) |
| cartilage | protects the outer surface of the bone to avoid grinding |
| ligaments | connects the bones together -tightly |
| fluid | lubricates the joint, serves as the "oil" reduces friction |
| ball and socket joint- structure/function/"how it works"/example | structure: one end of the bone has a large ball, the other a socket, that fit into each other function: to allow for movement in all directions example: hip joint, shoulder joint |
| how do xrays work? | fast electromagnetic waves pass through the body able to penetrate soft tissues, NOT bone bone and other dense parts create a "shadow" |
| how do different parts appear on an xray? what colors are they? | black: air gray: muscle, skin, fat (soft tissues) white: bone (dense) |
| marrow- structure/function | structure: soft, squishy, fits in spongy bone, also in "shaft" of bone beneath compact bone, filled with blood vessels function: fills center of bone, where blood cells are formed |
| compact bone- structure/function | structure: outer surface of bone beneath outer covering solid, dense, hard function: makes bones strong and sturdy, support |
| spongy bone- structure/function | structure: towards the end "heads" of bone, holey (porous) but strong function: gives bone strength, WITHOUT weight |
| outer covering- structure/function, (scientific name) | structure: outside of compact bone, rough and stretchy "skin" function: provides a surface for muscles to attach too, contains bone cells |
| what is collagen? (function) | collagen is the substance remaining after all the minerals in a bone are removed. gives the bones flexibility |
| how do we know a bone is living? (evidence) | bones are made up of living bone cells and minerals. the bone cells are constantly packing and unpacking calcium within the bone, and creating new blood cells within the marrow. |
| how do broken bones heal? how do bones calcify? | bones receive energy from glucose, oxygen received from blood stream. calcium that the bone cells pack into the bone to form new bone is absorbed through the blood stream. waste produced by the bone creation is carried away through the blood stream. |
| what do bone cells do? | bone cells have small connections to other bone cells in order to always have access to the blood vessels and the blood stream. the bone cells are the "unpackers" and "packers" that take the calcium from the blood stream and pack it into the new bones. |
| what is rickets? how can it be prevented? | rickets is a disease where the bones become malformed. this happens due to lack of sunlight and vitamin D, which makes it hard for the calcium to move through the blood stream so the bone cells can pack and unpack it. |
| describe how vitamin D, sunlight, skin, small intestines, and calcium help keep our bones healthy. | the calcium from food goes into our small intestine. calcium is transfered into bloodstream, then taken out of the bloodstream by bone cells who then un/pack it. vitamin D helps us absorb the calcium and transfer it to the bloodstream |
| where can we find vitamin D? | vitamin D can be found in foods like milk, orange juice, and fish vitamin D is also found in a chemical in your skin, which is caused by sunlight. |
| what is a variable? | a variable is something that can change from experiment to experiment |
| why is it important to only test one variable at a time? | if more then one variable is tested, it is not possible to tell the effect of each variable separately. |
| what happens in the marrow of the bone? | the marrow of bone is where the blood cells in your body are created. it serves as a "factory" for the blood cells |
| BONUS: bone cells- (scientific names) | ostioblasts: builders (packers) ostiocasts: cutters (unpackers) |
| why is the skeleton considered a system? | lots of bones coming together to create the support system for the body. |
| hinge joint- structure/function/example | structure: two bones come together function: allowing some movement, usually only in one or two movements.. up and down, side to side example: elbow joint |
| fixed joint- structure/function/example | structure: suchers form together function: creates an immovable joint example: cranium joint |
| growth centers- structure/ function | structure: in the heads of the bone, next to the spongy bone very dense, filled with bone building bone cells function: where the bone starts to grow, bone cells are constantly packing and unpacking first to harden: elbow last to harden: carpals, tars |
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