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Language/Thought (8)

Psych 111 Intro to Psych

QuestionAnswer
Systems of symbols, sounds, meanings, and rules of combination that allow for communication among humans. Language
How we communicate with each other. What you use to determine your thoughts. Language
Believed idea of linguistic relativity. Benjamin Whorf
One's language determines one's thoughts. Linguistic Relativity
Example: eskimos had numerous names for word "snow", and it had different meanings. Linguistic Relativity
Smallest unit of sounds that are distinguished. Change in sounds can alter meaning of what your saying. Phonemes
'c'at or 'b'at Initial Phonemes
b'i't or b'a't Middle Phonemes
bi'g' or bi't' End Phonemes
Smallest unit of meaning in a language. These phrases change the meaning of a sentence. Morphemes
Study of the meaning of words/combinations/sentences. Semantics
How context or wording changes/effects the meaning. Way the other words effect the meaning. Semantics
Example: He bit the dog, the dog bit him. Semantics
Context: think of a "bat" in baseball or the animal. example: "the bat flew" and "the bat hit the ball". Semantics
Structure of a language. Underlying rules of order and function. Syntax
Example: "Bill hit John" sam as "John was hit by Bill" Syntax
Language rules are generative Gleason Study
Made up words and then asked the kids to make the words plural and past tense. Kids could do this by following the rules of language. Gleason Study
Grammatical rules incorrectly generalized to "exception" cases. Overregularizations
Example: yesterday we 'goed' to the store (instead of we went to the store). Overregularizations
Language Acquisition Device (LAD) Believed that humans posses an innate language mechanism. Chomsky
We are hard-wired to sort input from 20-80 phonemes We lose capacity between 4-12 months to properly pronounce phonemes if not used Chomsky
Some language use 'rr' and some use 'ch' sound. Languages not using these make it harder to say them. Language Acquisition Device (LAD)
Thinks language is innate because: 1) stages of language development occur at same age in most kids. 2) kid's language development pattern is similar cross-culturally. 3) kids acquire language skills quick and effortlessly. 4) deaf kids make own langu Chomsky (LAD)
Particular words used (varies by culture/language). Surface Structure
Idea of nouns, verbs, commands (same for every language). Deep Structure
Believes languages differ only in the surface structure (but all languages have basic deep structure rule behind them) Chomsky
Language Acquisition Device (LAD) Believed that humans posses an innate language mechanism. Chomsky
We are hard-wired to sort input from 20-80 phonemes We lose capacity between 4-12 months to properly pronounce phonemes if not used Chomsky
Some language use 'rr' and some use 'ch' sound. Languages not using these make it harder to say them. Language Acquisition Device (LAD)
Thinks language is innate because: 1) stages of language development occur at same age in most kids. 2) kid's language development pattern is similar cross-culturally. 3) kids acquire language skills quick and effortlessly. 4) deaf kids make own langu Chomsky (LAD)
Particular words used (varies by culture/language). Surface Structure
Idea of nouns, verbs, commands (same for every language). Deep Structure
Believes languages differ only in the surface structure (but all languages have basic deep structure rule behind them) Chomsky
Ability to produce language. Expressive Language
Ability to comprehend, process, and integrate the meaning of language. Receptive Language
Example: when you hold a cookie out and say you would like this cookies....kid sticks his tongue out and nods. Receptive Language
________ have a greater capacity for receptive language Kids
1) Crying 2) Cooing 3) Babbling 4) First Words 5) Holophrases 6) Telegraphic Speech Stages in Language Development
1st stage of vocalization. Can differentiate between the meaning of cries in their kids. Crying
Vowels like noises. Ex: ooh, ahheee Cooing
Consonant/vowel noises. Ex: ba-ba, da-da Babbling
10-13 months old. Child associates a sound with a meaning. First Words
Simple word conveys meaning Ex: "go" Holophrases
Example: in Monsters Inc. Boo calls the big blue monster a "kitty" because she associates furry animals with a kitty. Holophrases
'Content' word sentences. Combine words. Only using the most important words. Still learning the language. Telegraphic Speech
Example: "go car" NOT "lets go into the car" or "want cookie" NOT "I want to eat that cookie" Telegraphic Speech
At 6, kids learn an avg. of _________ words/day and have a vocabulary of _________words. 15, 8,000-14,000
1) Vocal intonation 2) Body language 3) Gestures 4) Physical Distance 5) Facial expressions 6) Touch Nonverbal Communication
Stress, pitch, and volume (way you say the words make a difference) Vocal Intonation
Crossed arms, sitting up Body Language
Moving hands while talking Gestures
A 2nd language is best learned when kids are younger at a "sensitive period" for language development. Bi-lingualism
DOESN'T slow language development Bi-lingualism
Proved that their is a critical period in language development. Genie case study
Language is based on modeling, limitations, exposure, and reinforcement. Learning Theory and Language
Flaws: 1) kids acquire language with east (NOT broad variations). 2) adult speech is sloppy (kids still acquire basic rules/structures). 3) kids speech is not a mechanical playback of adult speech. Learning Theory and Language
Biology + experience make important contributions to language development. (many basic language skills seem to come at similar rate and pace). Interactionalist Theory of Language Development
An extension of perception and memory (goes beyond perception). Mental representations are formed, recalled, and manipulated. Thought
Organized by: 1) concepts + categories 2) concepts 3) categorization 4) prototype Thought
Objects are classified on basis of their properties. Concepts + Categories
Mental representation of a category. ex: socks go on your feet. Concepts
Recognizing an object acts as a member of a group. Ex: fork is something you eat with. Categorization
We rate things based on their similarity to models which represent the main characteristics of a group. Models we can figure out or compare things against. Ex: goldfish is a fish more than eel is a fish. Prototype
Believed that concepts are defined by a prototype or most typical member of a class. Rosch
Is a sparrow a bird? Is a penguin a bird? Is a bat a bird? Rosch
The process by which we generate and evaluate arguments. Reasoning
Step-by-step procedures for trying ALL possible alternatives to solve a problem. (guaranteed to achieve a goal). Algorithm
Example: a chocolate chip cookie recipe for baking cc cookies. Algorithm
We reason from specific observations to general propositions. General conclusions drawn from examples. Conclusion is likely but NOT a guarantee. Inductive Reasoning
Example: "all the butterflies Fred has ever seen have wingspans of less than 2 inches." Fred might say that "all butterflies have wingspans of less than 2 inches." Inductive Reasoning
Draw conclusions from a set of assumptions. Conclusion has to be true if the premise are true. Deductive Reasoning
Example: "all birds have wings" and "a penguin is a bird" are true, then "a penguin has wings" must be true. Deductive Reasoning
Form of deductive reasoning. 2 premises and 1 conclusion Syllogism
Premise: All A are B Premise: C is an A Conclusion: C is a B Syllogism
Premise: All professors are short Premise: Schrier is a professor Conclusion: Schrier is short Syllogism
Transform 1 situation into another to meet a goal. Active efforts to achieve a goal that can't be easily attained. Problem Solving
1) Inducing structure 2) Arrangement 3) Transformation Greeno's 3 types of problem solving
Relationship between #s, words, symbols. Figuring out next # in a pattern, what to do with words to keep sequence going. Inducing Structure
Arrange the parts of a problem to satisfy a criterion (anagrams). Re-arranging letters to make a word. Arrangement
Example: use letters in LEPAP to make name of a fruit = APPLE Arrangement
Need to carry out a sequence in order to achieve a set goal. Making changes to achieve a goal. Transformation
Problems vary from well-defined to ill defined. [usually if problem is better defined your more likely to come up with a solution]. Greeno's 3 Types of Problems
How decisions or problems solving is posed may change the decision making task. Might effect people's decisions. Framing
Example: "program will have a 50% success rate" vs "program will have a 50% failure rate" (make people not want it as much if written this way) Framing
Make and test an educated guess about a problem/solution Try out different ways until you find a solution. Hypothesis Testing
Mental rehearsal of steps needed to solve a problem. Figure out steps of what you need to do. Mental Simulation
Example: takes 10 minutes to to get to class, 10 minutes on bus. Do I have enough time....? Mental Simulation
Tendency to use only solutions that have worked in the past. If you know it works you go with it. Mental Set
"magic key answer" Ex: note cards....effective but not in all cases. Mental Set
Tendency to rely on a function for an object and ignore other possible uses. Functional Fixedness
Example: spend an hour trying to get something out from behind a desk before realizing that a coat hanger would be more effective way to get it out. Functional Fixedness
Seek to confim what we already believe. I know the answer but I just want to make sure. Distraction by irrelevant info --- people get sidetracked and are detracted from effective problem solving. Confirmation Bias
Putting nonexistent restrictions on our problem solving. Unnecessary Constraints
Sudden discovery of the correct solution following incorrect attempts based on trial and error. AHA Experience...Now I get it! Insight
Evaluating alternatives and making choices among them. Decision Making
Allows attractive attributes to compensate for unattractive attributes. Compensatory Decision Models
DON'T let some attributes compensate for others. Only care about bottom line. Ex: cheap plane ticket.....but you have 6 layovers. Noncompensatory Decision Models
Example: either I'm going to study or go out, not both [no balance, only 1 or other]. Noncompensatory Decision Models
Example: Since I want to do well on the test and I want to go out, I'll only go out for 1 hour. Compensatory Decision Models
Shortcuts that guide us in decision making. Heuristics
Decision making based on fact that things which are easily recalled seem to be typical/common. Availability Heuristic
Example: After a plane crash people refuse to fly because of current facts. Availability Heuristic
Matching an object to a 'concept' or 'category' without processing how likely the fit may be. Representative Heuristic
Example: someone has a criminal record, they are a wrestler and a biker. Are they male or female? Member of a motorcycle gang or sailor? Representative Heuristic
Created by: schlechy
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