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GI Diseases Patho
GI Diseases Pathologies
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Xerostomia | Dry Mouth |
| Pernicious Anemia | Lack of intrinsic Factor in stomach so vitamin B12 cannot be absorbed decreasing red blood cells. |
| Gastroparesis | Stomach Paralysis: Condition when stomach muscle becomes slow and weakened usually after surgery. |
| ileus | No Peristalsis requiring NPO causing Intestinal Obstruction. |
| Ascites | Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomen due to infection, inflammation, injury, Cirrhosis, cancer. |
| Hemorrhoids | Swollen, twisted, varicose veins in rectal region: Internal: Within rectum. External: Outside anal sphincter. |
| Volvulus | Bowel Obstruction: Twisting of intestine on itself caused by intestinal obstruction. |
| Diverticulosis | Condition that develops when pouches (diverticula) form in wall of colon. |
| Umbilical Hernia | Weak spot in inner lining of belly where tissue in abdomen to push through, intestine protrudes abdominal muscle |
| Inguinal Hernia | Colon protrudes through inguinal ring into the scrotum |
| Anorexia, Anorexia Nervosa | Loss of appetite, eating disorder when one refuses to eat |
| Bulimia | Binge/purge; Excessive eating between bouts of induced-vomiting |
| Cachexia | Muscle wasting |
| Polyphagia | Excessive hunger |
| Polydisia | Excessive thirst |
| ulcerogenic | Producing ulcers |
| emetogenic | Producing/causing vomiting=Emesis |
| Cholelithiasis | Abnormal condition of Gall Stones caused by concentrated bile/cholesterol crystallizes |
| Hepatic Encephalopathy | Hepatic Coma caused by Ammonia build up in blood. |
| Hypercholesterolemia | Condition of excessive Cholesterol in blood. |
| Rhabdomyolysis | Rapid breakdown of skeletal muscle due to injury to muscle tissue that leads to acute kidney failure |
| Phagocytosis | Removes poisons/toxins from blood |
| microsomes | Subcellular fractions in Liver containing drug-metabolizing enzymes of the liver |
| Hepatomegaly | Enlargement of Liver |
| Alcoholic Liver Disease ALD | Chronic dz from excessive alcohol consumption |
| Cirrhosis | Yellow appearance due to fat accumulation from ALD. |
| Hepatitis | Viral A,B,C std that is not curable. |
| Jaundice/Icterus | Yellowing of the skin or whites in the eyes |
| Hyperbilirubinemia | Excessive "Brown/Yellow Bile Matter" in the blood |
| Neonatal Jaundice | Increased risk of retardation, yellow skin |
| Biliary Atresia | Nonformation of Bile Ducts |
| Stomatitis | Cold sores, Fever Blisters |
| Thrush | Candida mouth infection/Yeast infection of the mucus membrane lining of the mouth and tongue. Thrush appears as whitish, velvety lesions in the mouth/tongue. |
| Leukoplakia | Smoker's Patch w/white, flaky plaques in mouth/may be pre-cancerous |
| Sjogren's Syndrome | Autoimmune dz: Inflammation in glands of the body that are responsible for producing tears and saliva; leads to dryness in mouth/eyes |
| Pharyngitis | Inflammation of the Pharyngo-=Throat |
| Pharyngeal Edema | Swelling of the Pharyngo-=Throat |
| Dysphagia | Difficulty swallowing=Deglutition, hurts, trouble, irritation, damage |
| Atresia | Congenital Defect: No opening or "failure to develop a structure or passageway" |
| Varices | Varicose veins that can rupture/hemorrhage as seen in Liver dz |
| Hiatal Hernia | Upper part of stomach protrudes upward through diaphragm. Tx: Hernioplasty: Repair of hernia |
| Emesis | Nausea +/- Vomiting |
| Causes of Emesis 1 | 1. GI tract irritation |
| Causes of Emesis 2 | 2. Stimulate the CTZ |
| Causes of Emesis 3 | 3. Vestibular Disturbance |
| Emesis Tx: Drug category | Drug Category: Antiemetics |
| Emesis Tx: Drug indications | Control nausea, prevent vomiting |
| CTZ | Chemo-receptor Trigger Zone |
| CTZ = Chemo-receptor Trigger Zone | Dopamine (DA)& Serotonin (5HT3) receptors |
| Vestibular dysfunction (often affects cranial nerve VIII) | 1. Inner ear infection 2. Vestibular neuritis 3. Meniere's DZ |
| Meniere's DZ | Auto-immune disorder of inner ear |
| Prevent GI Tract Irritation | 1. Antacids (Pepto-Bismol) 2. Milk / Food 3. Enteric Coating (EC) |
| EPS | Extra-Pyramidal side effects |
| Extra-Pyramidal side effects | similar to Parkinson's DZ |
| Extra-pyramidal symptoms divided into 2 categories: | 1. Dyskinesias 2. Dystonia |
| Dyskinesias | Movement disorder with repetitive, involuntary, purposeless body or facial movements |
| Dyskenesias symptoms | 1. Tongue thrusts or Fly-catching 2. Lip smacking 3. Finger movements 4. Eye blinking 5. Arm / leg movements |
| Dystonia | Muscle tension disorders (eg: Torticollis) |
| Torticollis | Twisted neck where head tipped to one side while chin turned to other aka Wry Neck |
| Opisthotonus | Spasms of muscle of back; head & lower limbs bend backward while trunk to arch forward |
| IBS | Irritable Bowel Syndrome aka Spastic Colon |
| IBS symptoms | Spasms (contractions) leading to pain |
| IBS categories/types | a. IBS-D (Diarrhea) b. IBS-C (Constipation) c. IBS-M (Mixed, alternates diarrhea & constipation) |
| IBS Tx: Drug category | Antispasmodics (Rx only) |
| Vestibular Disturbance | Loss of equilibrium (Vertigo) |
| Euphoria | 1. Happy, pleasure feeliing 2. aka "getting high" |
| Dysphoria | 1. Uncomfortable mood 2. Depressed, anxious, irritable |
| Ischemic Colitis risk | Using alosetron=Lotronex risk |
| Ischemic Colitis | Swelling (inflammation) of large intestine (colon) that occurs when there is a temporary loss of, or reduction in, blood flow to the colon |
| Crohn's DZ | Chronic form of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)usually affects the intestines, but may occur anywhere from the mouth to the end of the rectum (anus) |
| Ulcerative Colitis | Chronic type of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that affects the large intestine (colon) & rectum |
| Inflammatory Bowel DZ (Chronic) 2 | 1. Crohn's DZ 2. Ulcerative Colitis |
| Inflammatory Bowel DZ Sx: | 1. Chronic conditions 2. Bloody, mucous diarrhea 3. Tissue damage 4. BRB (bright red blood) through rectum 5. Fistulas (breakdown wall > openings) |
| TNF | Tumor Necrosis Factor |
| TNF=Tumor Necrosis Factor | Cytokine involved in inflammatory process |
| Cytokines | Chemical substances that deliver messages between cells in the body |
| Anastomosis | Small intestine excision: To Join together two hollow organs |
| Colostomy | An opening (Stoma) that connects the colon to the surface of the abdomen |
| ileostomy | An opening (Stoma) in the belly wall that is made during surgery (ileum = small bowel + stoma = mouth opening)where end or loop of small intestine to attach to the abdominal wall in order to bypass the large intestine |
| TNA | Total Nutrient Admixture |
| AGE | Acute GastroEnteritis |
| Acute GastroEnteritis Sx: | N / V / D > Dehydration / "tenting" |
| Tenting | Used to asses dehydration in which a small section of skin is pinched upward forming a "Tent" |
| Traveler's Diarrhea aka | aka Dysentery (amebic) |
| Traveler's Diarrhea | TD is most common illness affecting travelers. High risk countries: Latin America, Africa, the Middle East, Asia High risk person: Young adults, immunosuppressed persons, persons w/inflammatory-bowel DZ, diabetes, taking H-2 blockers or antacids. |
| Traveler's Diarrhea primary cause: | Primary source of infection is ingestion of fecally contaminated food or water |
| Traveler's Diarrhea Sx: | 1. N / V / D 2. Dehydration 3. Cramping pain |
| Traveler's Diarrhea untreated: | Untreated dysentery > amebic liver abscess (collection of pus) |
| Lactobacillus acidophilus | GI tract normal flora (gram negative microbes) |
| Probiotics | Live microorganisms (bacteria) similar to beneficial microorganisms found in human gut. |
| Probiotics common sources: | a. Bacteria 1. Lactobacillus acidophilus 2. Bifidobacterium (Align capsules) b. Yeasts 1. Saccaromyces boulardii (Florastor) |
| Clostridium difficile | Species of Gram-positive bacteria causes diarrhea when competing bacteria are wiped out by antibiotics |
| Difficile diarrhea Sx: | Blood / mucus Dx: Stool culture |
| Difficile diarrhea progression | May progress to Pseudo Membranous Colitis |
| Pseudo Membranous Colitis | Infection of the large colon w/an overgrowth of Clostridium Difficile |
| Pseudo Membranous Colitis Sx: | 1. Severe cramping 2. Bloody stools 3. Fever 4. Watery diarrhea |
| Dehydration (calcium salts) effects | Patient still loses water but stools do not look as "watery" |
| Constipation | Having bowel movement fewer than 3x per week, stools hard, dry, small in size, difficult to eliminate, painful, straining, bloating, sensation of full bowel |
| Constipation causes | Decrease in peristalsis or fiber 1. Iatrogenic (eg: calcium supplements, anticholinergics) 2. Lack of exercise/lack of fiber in diet 3. Physical blockage |
| Constipation typical patient | Bed ridden (SNF, hospital) 1. Elderly 2. Pregnant |
| Acute Phosphate Nephropathy | Condition caused by Fleet's Phospho-soda |
| Xerostomia Tx: Drug category | 1. Cholinergic Agonists 2. Saliva Substitutes |
| Pernicious Anemia Tx: Drug name | Cyanocobalamin (SQ Injections) |
| ileus Tx: Drug Category | 1. Laxatives 2. Cholinergic Drugs |
| Ascites Tx: Drug Category | 1. Diuretics 2. Chemo agent 3. Antihypertensive 4. Paracentesis (remove fluid) |
| Diverticulosis Tx: Diet & Drug Category | 1. High-fiber diet 2. Fiber Supplements |
| Cholelithiasis Tx: Surgical procedures | 1. Cholelithotomy 2. Cholecystectomy/Laparoscopic |
| Cholelithiasis Sx: | 1. Biliary Colic (pain) 2. Steatorrhea (discharge of fats) |
| Cholelithiasis: High risk patients: | High-risk in 4F Patients: 1. Female 2. Forties 3. Fat 4. Flatuent |
| Hepatic Encephalopathy Tx: Drug name | lactulose=Cephulac/Chronulac Rx Only |
| Hypercholesterolemia Tx: Drug category & name | Category: HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors Drug name: 1. lovastatin=Mevacor 2. pravastatin=Pravachol 3. simvastatin=Zocor 4. atorvastatin=Lipitor |
| Cirrhosis Tx: Drug category & name | Drug Category: Alcohol Deterrent Drug Name: disulfiram=Antabuse: Produces sensitivity to alcohol resulting in highly unpleasant reaction to even small amounts of alcohol |
| Hepatitis Tx: Drug category | 1. Vaccines 2. Immuno-Modulators 3. Immunoglobulins |
| Neonatal Jaundice Tx: Surgical procedure | Bili Lights=Phototherapy: Lights decompose bilirubin/aid in excretion |
| Thrush Tx: Drug category & name | Drug Category: Antifungals 1. nystatin=Nilstat 2. nystatin=Mycostatin |
Created by:
kyleburnes
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