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Cardiovascular_Brand
Pharmacology for Cardiovascular System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| LFT Liver Function Tests: | includes liver enzymes are groups of clinical biochemistry laboratory blood assays designed to give information about the state of a patient's liver |
| Treat/prevent of niacin deficiency | Niacin |
| required coenzyme | Niacin |
| CP: hypersensitivity, tartrazine sensitivity, alcohol intolerance, liver disease, arterial bleeding, history of peptic ulcer, gout, diabetes, glaucoma | Niacin |
| AE: hepatotoxicity, GI upset, flushing, pruritus | Niacin |
| Im: B12 coadministration, administer w/meals or milk | Niacin |
| AM: assess for niacin deficiency, LAB: ALT, AST, LDH, PT, serum albumin, uric acid levels, serum cholesterol, triglycerides | Niacin |
| F: may have skin flushing & itching, move positions slowly, report signs of hepatoxicity, must use along w/diet restrictions | Niacin |
| Ev: prevent/treat niacin deficiency, decrease serum cholesterol, and triglycerides | Niacin |
| I:Reduction of atherosclerotic events | Clopidogrel |
| A:Inhibits platelet aggregation | Clopidogrel |
| CP:Hypersensitivity, pathologic bleeding, pts. @ risk for bleeding, hx of GI bleeding/ulcer disease, CYP2C19 inhibitors, liver disease | Clopidogrel |
| AE:GI bleeding, bleeding, neutropenia, thrombotic thrombocytopeni purpura | Clopidogrel |
| Im:discontinue 5-7 days before planned surgical procedures, PO administer daily once w/o food | Clopidogrel |
| AM: symptoms of stroke, PVD, MI, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura,bleeding, CBC, bilirubin, hepatic enzymes, cholesterol, uric acid, NDN | Clopidogrel |
| F:Notify if chills, sore throat, unusual bleeding/bruising | Clopidogrel |
| Ev:Pvn of stroke, MI, vascular death | Clopidogrel |
| I:Acute MI | Alteplase |
| A:Converts plasminogen to plasmin | Alteplase |
| CP:active internal bleeding, history of CVA, recent Intracranial injury, intracranial neoplasm, severe uncontrolled hypertension, bleeding tendencies, hypersensitivity, left heart thrombus, severe hepatic and renal disease, septic phlebitis, endocaditis | Alteplase |
| AE:intracranial hemorrhage, ischemia, thromboembolism, GU bleeding, GI bleeding, retroperitoneal bleeding | Alteplase |
| Im: start 2 IV lines before therapy, avoid invasive procedures, vials in sterile water for injection, flush line w/20-30 ml of saline | Alteplase |
| AM: monitor vitals, bleeding, hypersensitivity rxn, neurologic status | Alteplase |
| F:explain purpose, need for bedrest | Alteplase |
| Ev: lysis of thrombi, restored blood flow | Alteplase |
| I:Treatment of edema,oliguria/anuria | Mannitol |
| A:Increased osmotic pressure of GFR | Mannitol |
| CP:Hypersentivity, anuria, dehydration,intracranial bleeding,breastfeeding | Mannitol |
| AE: transient volume expansion | Mannitol |
| Im:Observe IV site for inflammation, administer electrolyte-free mannitol solution w/blood, administer undiluted, may titrate rate | Mannitol |
| AM:Vital signs, urine output, CVP, pulmonary artery pressure, anorexia, muscle weakness, numbness, tingling, paresthesia, excessive thirst, electrolyte imbalance, renal function, serum electrolytes | Mannitol |
| F:Explain purpose | Mannitol |
| Ev:urine output of @ least 30-50 mL/hr | Mannitol |
| I: Manage hypertension | Losartan |
| A: Blocks vasoconstrictors and aldosterone-secreting effects of angiotensin 2 | Losartan |
| CP: hypersensitivity, bilateral renal artery stenosis, breastfeeding, pregnant, volume/salt depleted, Blacks, impaired renal function, hepatic impairment | Losartan |
| AE: diarrhea, angioedema | Losartan |
| Im: Correct depletion if difficulty swallowing pharmacist compound oral suspension, shake before each use | Losartan |
| AM: monitor BP, frequency of refills, signs of angioedema, BUN, creatinine, AST, ALT, bilirubin, K+, HgB, HcT | Losartan |
| F: avoid salt substitutes, avoid sudden position changes may cause dizziness,notify of swelling, comply w/hypertensive medication | Losartan |
| Ev:Decreased BP | Losartan |
| manage edema from CHF, treatment of hypokalemia | Spironolactone |
| causs loss of Sodium bicarbonate and calcium ions while saving potassium and hydrogen ions | Spironolactone |
| hypersensitivity, anuria, acute renal insufficiency, renal failure, hyperkalemia, hepatic dysfunction, geriatric/debilitated pts. | Spironolactone |
| AE: hyperkalemia | Spironolactone |
| Im: administer in AM to avoid interrupting sleep pattern w/food or milk | Spironolactone |
| AM: I&O, weight, BP, signs of hypokalemia, hyperkalemia, ECGs, serum K+, BUN, creatinine, electrolytes, Mg, uric acid, calcium | Spironolactone |
| F: avoid salt substitutes, dizziness, continue HTN medication | Spironolactone |
| Ev: increased diuresis, decreased edema, maintain potassium levels | Spironolactone |
| treats mild to moderate HTN | Prazosin |
| dilates arteries and veins blocking alpha1 receptors | Prazosin |
| hypersensitivity, renal insufficiency, pregancy, breastfeeding, angina pectoris, diuretics, cataract surgery patients | Prazosin |
| AE: dizziness, headache, weakness, 1st dose orthostatic hypotension | Prazosin |
| Im: may use w/BB or diuretics, administer PO @ bedtime/ BID if necessary | Prazosin |
| AM: assess for 1st-dose phenomenon, monitor I&O weight, BP | Prazosin |
| F:May cause dizziness, fainting, assess for edema, feet, ankles, move positions slowly | Prazosin |
| Ev:decreased blood pressure without side effects | Prazosin |
| manages elevated cholesterol | Cholestyramine |
| binds to bile acids in GI tract | Cholestyramine |
| CP: hypersensitivity, complete biliary obstruction, phenylketonuria, constipation, children | Cholestyramine |
| abdominal discomfort, constipation, nausea | Cholestyramine |
| Im: parenteral/water-miscible forms of fat-soluble vitamines and foluc acid may be ordered for patients w/chronic therapy ac | Cholestyramine |
| AM: obtain diet hx, LABS serum cholesterol, triglyceride levels, AST, ALT, phosphorus, chloride, alkaline phosphatase, calcium, sodium, and potassium | Cholestyramine |
| F: don't skip doses, notify if unsual bleeding/bruising, petechiae, take before meals (ac), use w/restricted diet, constipation may occur | Cholestyramine |
| Ev: decreased serum LDL levels | Cholestyramine |
| Treats hypotension and shock | Norepinephrine |
| stiumulates alpha receptors | Norepinephrine |
| CP: breastfeeding, hyperthyroidism, use of MAOI, hypertension, hypercarbia, hypoxia, vascular mesenteric, peripheral thrombosis, hypotension, hypovolemia, hypersensitivity | Norepinephrine |
| AE: reflex bradycardia, hypertension, tissue necrosis extravasation | Norepinephrine |
| Im: may add heparin, dilute 4mg in 1000mL of D5W, titrate infusion rate according to patient response | Norepinephrine |
| AM: monitor BP, ECG, urine output, IV site,monitor for overdose | Norepinephrine |
| F: report headache, dizziness, dyspnea, chest pain | Norepinephrine |
| Ev: increased BP to normal, increased tissue perfusion | Norepinephrine |
| I: decrease LDL | Fenofibrate |
| inhibits triglyceride synthesis | Fenofibrate |
| CP: hypersensitivity, hepatic impairment, gallbladder disease, use of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, breastfeeding, wafarin | Fenofibrate |
| AE: fatigue/weakness, pulmonary embolism, rash | Fenofibrate |
| Im: triglyceride-lowering diet before therapy, administer w/meals | Fenofibrate |
| AM: obtain diet hx, assess for cholelithiasis, AST, ALT, serum lipids, CPK levels, HgB, Hct, PT levels | Fenofibrate |
| F: adhere to diet, notify if pain, muscle tenderness/weakness occur, notify before surgery | Fenofibrate |
| Decresed serum triglycerides and cholesterol to normal levels | Fenofibrate |
| I: prevents DVT | Enoxaparin |
| A: potentiates the inhibitory effects of antithrombin | Enoxaparin |
| spinal anesthesia, hypersensitivity to benzyl alcohol, invitro test for antiplatelets, severe renal/liver disease, retinopathy, ulcer disease,bleeding disorder, women < 45kg, men <57kg, uncontrolled HTN, bacterial endocarditis, hx of thrombocytopenia, | Enoxaparin |
| AE: bleeding, anemia | Enoxaparin |
| Im: administer Sub-Q | Enoxaparin |
| AM: assess for bleeding, hemorrhage, increased thrombosis, hypersensitivity, hematomas, ecchymosis, stools with blood, platelets, CBC, aPTT, increased ALT, increased AST, increased K+ | Enoxaparin |
| F: dizziness, bruising, itching, dont take aspirin, fever, rash, swelling, dyspnea | Enoxaparin |
| Ev/: prevents DVT | Enoxaparin |
| manages hypertension | Catopril |
| ACE inhibitor | Catopril |
| hypersensitivity, hx of angioedema, cause injury to fetus, breastfeeding, collagen vascular disease, renal impairment, hypovolemia, hyponatremia, diuretic therapy, Blacks, surgery, anesthesia | Catopril |
| AE: cough, hypotension, taste disturbances, angioedema A, agranulocytosis | Catopril |
| Im: 1hr ac/2hr pc | Catopril |
| AM: weight, BP, Pulse, AST, ALT, alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin, BUN, creatinine, K+, respiratory sounds | Catopril |
| F: taste impairment, sore throat, rash, chest pain, swelling, avoid salt substitutes, change positions slowly, may cause dizziness | Catopril |
| Decreased BP | Catopril |
| manages dyslipidemias | Ezetimibe |
| inhibits absorption of cholesterol in small intestine | Ezetimibe |
| CP: hypersensitivity, liver disease, moderate/severe hepati insufficiency, fetal harm, children | Ezetimibe |
| AE: angioedema | Ezetimibe |
| Im: administer w/o meals | Ezetimibe |
| AM: Obtain diet hx, LABS cholesterol serum, triglyceride levels | Ezetimibe |
| F: take as directed, follow-up exams, notify prior to surgery, avoid OTC meds, natural products, notify if muscle pain, tenderness/weakness occur, may increase HMG Co-A, notify if become pregnant, use w/restricted diet | Ezetimibe |
| Ev: lower LDL and total cholesterol | Ezetimibe |
| manages hypercholesterdemia and dyslipidemia | Atrovastatin |
| inhibits 3-hydroxy-3methyl glutanyl | Atrovastatin |
| CP: acute liver disease, unexplained persistent elevations in AST & ALT, breastfeeding, pregnant, alcoholism, renal impairment | Atrovastatin |
| abdominal cramps, constipation, diarrhea, flatus, heartburn, rashes, rhabdomyolysis | Atrovastatin |
| Im: may administer w/o food avoid grapefruit and grapefruit juice | Atrovostatin |
| AM: labs serum cholesterol, monitor liver function tests, CPK levels | Atrovastatin |
| F: no grapefruit/juice, notify re: muscle tenderness | Atrovastatin |
| Ev:decresed LDL and total cholesterol levels and inreased HDL triglyceride levels | Atrovastatin |
| Pulmonary hypertension | Bosentan |
| vasodilation | Bosentan |
| Structural changes reversed | Bosentan |
| treats hypertension | Diltiazem |
| inhibits transport of calcium into myocardial & vascular smoothe muscle | Diltiazem |
| CP: sick sinus syndrome, 2nd/3rd degree AV block, systolic BP < 90, recent MI/pulmonary congestion, concurrent use of rifampin, hepatic impairment, renal impairment, serious ventricular arrhythmia, CHF | Diltiazem |
| AE: Arrhythmias, CHF, peripheral edema, steven's johnson | Diltiazem |
| may administer w/food, dont break, crush, chew, direct IV administer balls undiluted 5 mg/ mL | Diltiazem |
| AM: monitor vitals, assess for CHF, monitor EBG angina, serum Ca+ | Diltiazem |
| F: no grapefruit juice, monitor pulse, change positions slowly, dizziness, good dental hygiene, no alcohol | Diltiazem |
| Ev: decrease in BP and frequency of anginal attacks | Diltiazem |
| restoration & maintenance of sinus rhythm in atrial fibrillation or flutter (PVC, SVT, Vtach, Vfib) | Quinidine |
| decreased myocardial excitability, slow conduction velocity | Quinidine |
| CP: hypersensitivity, conduction defects, CHF, severe liver disease, hypokalemia, bradycardia, renal impairment | Quinidine |
| AE: dizziness, hypotension,torsades de pointes, anorexia, abdominal cramping, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, agranulocytosis | Quinidine |
| Im: administer w/full glass of water on an empty stomach 1hr ac/2hr pc, IV use clear solution, Int. Infusion dilute 800 mg in 50 ml of D5W | Quinidine |
| F: take around the clock exactly as directed, teach how to take pulse, may cause dizziness/blurred vision, may cause increased sensitivity to light, may cause rash /dyspnea | Quinidine |
| Decreased/cessation of cardiac arrhythmias | Quinidine |
| AM: monitor ECG, pulse, BP continuously, LABS; CBC, renal function, K+, Mg+ | Quinidine |
| treat V-tach, V-fib, maintain NSR, convert A-fid, A-flutter | Amiodarone |
| A: prolongs action potential & refractory period, inhibits adrenergic stimulation | Amiodarone |
| CP: cardiogenic shock, severe sinus node dysfunction, 2nd/3rd degree AV block, bradycardia, hypersensitivity, fetal hyperthyroidism, hx of CHF, thyroid disorder, pulmonary/liver disease, corneal laser surgery | Amiodarone |
| BBW: use only w/life-threatening dysrhythmias d/t substantial pulmonary toxicity, dizziness, fatigue, malaise, corneal micro deposits, adult respiratory distress syndrome, pulmonary fibrosis, pulmonary toxicity, CHF, worsening arrhythmias, bradycardia | Amiodarone |
| Im: administer w/meals | Amiodarone |
| AM: monitor ECGs, assess pacing & defibrillationm signs of pulmonary toxicity, assess for signs & symptoms of ARDS, assess for neurotoxicity, labs thyroid function, AST, ALT, alkaline phosphatase | Amiodarone |
| F: monitor BP, pulse, signs and symptoms of epidymitis | Amiodarone |
| Ev: cessation of life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias | Amiodarone |
| Conversion of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia | Adenosine |
| A: restores normal sinus rhythm by interrupting re-entrant pathways in the AV node | Adenosine |
| CP: 2nd/3rd degree AV block/sick sinue syndrome, asthma, unstable angina | Adenosine |
| SOB, facial flushing, transient arrhytmias | Adenosine |
| Iv crystals may occur if adenosine is refrigerated, warm to room temp to dissolve crystals, must be clear before use | Adenosine |
| AM: monitor HR every 15-30 secs & ECG for 1st, 2nd, 3rd AV block, monitor BP, assess respiratory status | Adenosine |
| caution pt. to change positions slowly to decrease orthostatic hypotension, dose > 12 mg BP, report facial flushing SOB/dizziness | Adenosine |
| Ev: conversion of SVT to normal sinus rhythm | Adenosine |
| treats serious life-threatening overdose of digoxin | Digoxin Immune Fab |
| antibody production in sheep that binds antigenically to unbound digoxin | Digoxin Immune Fab |
| hypersensitivity to sheep proteins, products, children pregnancy, breastfeeding | Digoxin Immune Fab |
| AE: hypokalemia | Digoxin Immune Fab |
| Im: CPR equipment available, Int. Infusion w/ 4ml sterile water, infuse over 30 minutes | Digoxin Immune Fab |
| AM: monitor ECG, pulse, BP, body temp, increased signs of CHF, serum K+ | Digoxin Immune Fab |
| F: explain procedure and purpose of the treatment | Digoxin Immune Fab |
| Ev: resolution of signs and symptoms of digoxin toxicity | Digoxin Immune Fab |
| Treats ventricular arrhythmias | Lidocaine |
| A: suppresses automaticity | Lidocaine |
| CP: cross-sensitivity, 3rd-degree heart block, liver disease, CHF, weight of < 50 kg, geriatrics, respiratory depression, shock, heart block, children, breastfeeding | Lidocaine |
| AE: seizures, confusion, drowsiness, cardiac arrest, stinging, allergic rxn | Lidocaine |
| Im: ensure gag reflex intact, IM only w/ECG monitoring isnt available | Lidocaine |
| AM: monitor ECG continuously & BP & respiratory status, numbness, pain intensity, serum electrolytes, may increase CPK, toxicity | Lidocaine |
| F: may cause drowsiness, dizziness, apply patch to intact skin | Lidocaine |
| Ev: decrease ventricular arrhythmias | Lidocaine |
| manages mild-moderate hypertension and treats edema associated w/CHF | Hydrochlorothiazide |
| increases excretion of sodium and water by inhibiting sodium reabsorption in distal tubule | Hydrochlorothiazide |
| CP: hypersensitivity, products containing tartrazine, anuria, breastfeeding, renal/hepatic impairment, babies w/ jaundice, thrombocytopenia | Hydrochlorothiazide |
| AE: hypokalemia | Hydrochlorothiazide |
| Im: administer in the morning to prevent waking/messing sleep cycle up may give w/ food/milk | Hydrochlorothiazide |
| AM: monitor BP, I&O, daily weight,, assess feet, legs, and sacral area for edema daily, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, muscle cramps, paresthesia, confusion, hypokalemia, blood glucose, BUN, creatinine, uric acid | Hydrochlorothiazide |
| Take same time ea. time day, monitor weight bi-weekly, change positions slowly, use sunscreen, continue taking BP meds | Hydrochlorothiazide |
| Decrease BP and edema | Hydrochlorothiazide |
| manages of angina pectoris | Nitroglycerin |
| increased coronary blood flow by dilating coronary arteries | Nitroglycerin |
| CP: severe anemia, pericardial tamponade, constrictive pericarditis, alcohol intolerance, use of PDE-5 inhibitor, head trauma, cerebral hemorrhage, glaucoma, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, severe liver impairment, malabsorption/hypermotility, hypovolemia | Nitroglycerin |
| AE: dizziness, headache, hypotension, tachycardia | Nitroglycerin |
| Im: administer dose 1hr ac/ 2hr pc a full meal/glass of water do not break, crush, chew | Nitroglycerin |
| AM: location, duration, intensity, and precipitating factors of anginal pain, may increase catecholamine and urine vanillylmaidelic acid | Nitroglycerin |
| F: change positions slowly, avoid concurrent use of alcohol, headache common, sit down w/ 1st sign of attack, may drink water | Nitroglycerin |
| Ev: decrease frequency and severity of anginal attacks increased activity tolerance | Nitroglycerin |
| Treats edema due to CHF | Furosemide |
| inhibits the reabsorption of sodium and chloride from the loop of Henle and distal tubule | Furosemide |
| CP: hypersensitivity, cross-sensitivity w/ thiazides & sulfonamides, hepatic disease, coma, anuria, alcohol intolerance, electrolyte depletion, diabetes, increased azotemia, pregancy, breastfeeding, geriatric | Furosemide |
| AE: dehydration, hypochloremia, hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, hyponatremia, hypovolemia, metabolic alkalosis, aplastic anemia, agranulocytosis | Furosemide |
| Im: administer during least sleep invasive time, PO may take w/food administer undiluted | Furosemide |
| AM: assess fluid status, weight daily, I&O, location of edema, lung sounds, skin turgor, mucous membranes, monitor BP, pulse, assess fall risk, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, muscle cramps, paresthesia, confusion | Furosemide |
| F: change positions slowly, increased risk for fall risk, antihypertensives even when feeling better | Furosemide |
| Ev: decreased edema, abdominal girth and weight, increased urinary output, decreased BP | Furosemide |
| Treats hypomagnesemia | Magnesium Sulfate |
| essential for the activity of many enzymes | Magnesium Sulfate |
| CP: hypermagnesemia, hypocalcemia, anuria, heart block, preganancy, renal insufficiency | Magnesium Sulfate |
| AE: diarrhea | Magnesium Sulfate |
| Im: double check original order w/practitioner, IM into gluteal sites, direct IV 50% solutrion diluted in 0.9 NaCl/D5W | Magnesium Sulfate |
| AM: monitor pulse, BP, respirations & ECG, neurologic status, patellar reflex, monitor newborns for hypotension, hyporeflexia, respiratory depression I&O, LABS magnesium levels and renal function | Magnesium Sulfate |
| F: explain purpose of medication | Magnesium Sulfate |
| Ev: normal serum magnesium concentrations | Magnesium Sulfate |
| Treats heart failure, antidysrhythmic, reversal agent digoxin immune fab | Digoxin |
| Increases the force of myocardial contraction (inotrope) decreases chronotrope | Digoxin |
| hypersensitivity, uncontrolled HTN, ventricular arrhythmias, AV block, idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis, constrictive pericarditis, alcohol intolerance, hypokalemia, hypocalcemia, diuretic use MI, kidney failure | Digoxin |
| fatigue, arrhythmias, bradycardia, anorexia, nausea, vomiting | Digoxin |
| Im: PO take w/food, administer into gluteal muscle don't give adult if bpm < 60, child < 70, infant <90 | Digoxin |
| AM: monitor apical pulse, children increased heart rate, monitor, BP, ECG, observe site for inflammation, monitor I&O daily weight loss, assess for fall risk, LABS: K+, Mg, Ca, renal and hepatic function, observe for toxicity, | Digoxin |
| F: teach patient to take pulse, change in HR, bradycardia | Digoxin |
| Ev: decreased in severity of CHF, increased CO, decreased ventricular response in atrial tachyarrhythmia, termination of paroxysmal atrial tachycardia | Digoxin |
| Treats anginal attacks | Isosorbide |
| produces vasodilation | Isosorbide |
| CP: concurrent use ofsildenafil, vardinafil, tadalafil volume depleted patients, right ventricular infarction, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy | Isosorbide |
| AE: dizziness, headache, hypotension, tachycardia | Isosorbide |
| Im: don't break, crush, chew, avoid eating, drinking/smoking w/ SubLing | Isosorbide |
| AM: assess location, duration, intensity and precipitating factors of anginal pain, monitor BP & pulse, may increase methehemoglobin | Isosorbide |
| F: move slowly, may cause dizziness, avoid driving, take last dose no later than 7pm, avoid alcohol, headache, notify if blurred vision occurs | Isosorbide |
| Ev: decreased frequency & severity of anginal attacks, increased activity tolerance | Isosorbide |
| I: Acutely decompensated CHF unhospitalized patients w/dyspnea @ rest w/ minimal activity | Nesiritide |
| A: binds to guanyl cyclase receptors | Nesiritide |
| CP: cardiogenic shock, systolic less than 90 mmHg, low cardiac filling pressure, significant valvular stenosis, restrictive/sunstractive cardiomyopathy, constrictive pericarditis/ cardiac tamponade, heart failure where renal function is dependent | Nesiritide |
| AE: apnea, hypotension | Nesiritide |
| Im: prime IV tubing w/infusion of 25 mL prior to connecting to patient | Nesiritide |
| AM: monitor BP, pulse, ECG, respiratory rate, cardiac index, PCWP, central venous pressure, monito I & O, BUN, serum creatinine | Nesiritide |
| F: explain procedure | Nesiritide |
| Ev: improvement in dyspnea & reduction in PCWP in patients with decompensated CHF | Nesiritide |
Created by:
abrand
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