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PersonalityDisorders
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Approaches to personality | varied over time: phrenology (shape of the skull indicates personality) and dispositional (focus on traits - inidividual differences in tendencies to show consistent patterns of thoughts, feelings and actions |
| Key aspects of personality | stable over time and situations, varies between individuals, has a significant influence on behaviour and it probablly arises from a combination of genetic and envrionmental influences |
| Personality disorders | long-standing, pervasive, inflexible patterns of behaviour that depart from cultural expectations, impair social and occupational functioning, and cause emotinoal distress |
| Personality disorders - DSM general definition | an enduring pattern of inner experiences of behaviour that deviates markedly from what is expected in the individuals cutlure. Pattern manifests itesely in 2 or more of: cognition, affecitivity, interpersonal functioning or impulse control. |
| Reliability of personality disorder diagnosis | poor, although trying to improve |
| Difficulties with diagnosis of personality disorders | comorbidity (the co-ocurrance in the same person of two or more diagnositically different disorders) and overlap (similarity of sympomts of two or more disorders) |
| Controveries of the current diagnositic system - Categorical | traditional approach in medicien; disorders are discrete natural classes; there is a qualitative difference between a person who has the disorder and one who doesn't |
| Controveries of the current diagnositic system - Dimensional | psychologists tend to use; disorders represent artifical categories determined by the selection of arbitory cut off points along a continuum. So a disorder is really a certain degree of something |
| Example of deimensional is Crosta and McCrane's (1992) Five Factor Personality Model | OCEAN |
| OCEAN - O | Openness to experience vs. rigidity |
| OCEAN - C | Conscientiousness vs. lack of self discipline |
| OCEAN - E | Extraversion vs. introversion |
| OCEAN - A | Agreeableness vs. antagonism |
| OCEAN - N | Neuroticism vs. emotional stability |
| Dimensional model of Personality Disorders | they are extremes of normal personality or are dysfunctions in the basic functions of personality: a stable self-esteem, satisfying interpersonal functioning, society/group relations |
| Cluster A personality Disorders | Odd/Eccentric: Paranoid, Shizoid and Schizotypal |
| Paranoid PD | pervasive suspiciousness of others, hostility, jealously, consistently misreadothers as threatening or critical and expect others to exploit them (no hallucinations or full-blown delusions) |
| Paranoid PD - Causes | limited evidence of biology, psychological contributions even less certain |
| Paranoid PD - treatment | unlikely to seek professional help,, focus on building therapetuic relationship, cognitive theory to counter mistaken assumptions of others |
| Schizoid PD | Major features is avoidance of initmate involvement with others (don't see the benefit of relationships), little emotional responsiveness. Present as cold, aloof loners who don't seem to enjoy or desire relationships of any kind |
| Schizoid PD - causes | limited research, weak possible link wih autism and childhood shyness |
| Schizoid PD - treatment | rare to seek except in a crisis; pointing out the value or social relationships and social skills training |
| Schizotypal | major feature is eccentricity of thought and behaviour. An attenuated form of schizophrenia: odd beliefs, magical thinking, recurrent illusions, ideas of reference, bheaviour and apparence is eccentric |
| Schizotypal - causes | possible phenotype for schizophrenia genotype |
| Schizotypal - treatment | combination of antipsychotic medication, community treatment and social skills traiing has been shown to reduce symptoms |
| Cluster B Personality Disorders | Dramatic/errative - Histrionic, Narcissitic, Antisocial, Borderline |
| Histrionic PD | overally dramatic, attention seeking, exhibit emotion but emotionally shallow, self-centred, overally concerned with physical attractiveness, appear unable to be ignored, demanding and inconsiderate in relationships |
| Histrionic PD - Causes | limited research |
| Histrionic PD - treatment | Cognitive Behavioural Therapy reccommended, focused on problematic interpersonal relationships |
| Narcissitic PD | Grandiose view of the self, fantasies of success, strong sense of entitlement, egocentric, lack of empathy for others, easily hurt (underlying fragility of self esteem), expect others to treat them as special |
| Narcissitic PD - Causes | parent failure to model empathy? the 'me' generation? |
| Narcissitic PD - Treatment | usually not sought, generally present with an axis I disorder. Cognitive behavioural therapy |
| Antisocial PD | persistant pattern of antisocial behaviour beinging with conduct disorder before the age of 15. |
| Antisocial PD - Key features | Rejection of social norms and offending; disregard wishes, rights and feelings of others; decietful and manipulative; impulsive; irritable and aggressive; reckless and irresponsible; little remorse and callous; indifferent and quick to rationalise |
| Antisocial PD - Causes | genetic, neurbiological (underarousal and fearlessness hypotheses), psychosocial (senility to reward/punishment, severe parental rejection, Patterson's Coercion theory), and developmental influences |
| Antisocial PD - treatment | don't often present as they think there is nothing wrong with themselves; therapeutic communities; prevention |
| Psychopathy | a subset of antisocial PD. |
| Psychopathy - symptoms | superficial charm, grandiose sense of self-worth, proneness to boredom/need for stimulation, pathological lying, conning/manipulative, lack of remorse |
| Borderline PD | instability in mood, self-image and relationships; chronicfear of abandonment; impulsivity; 75% engage in self-harm. Commonly comorbid with mood disorders, substance abuse, builimia and PTSD |
| Borderline PD - Causes | genetic influences, envrionmental influences (Sexual or physical abuse; neglect) |
| Borderline PD - Treatment | SSRUs, lithium, Dialectical Behaviour Therapy (DBT - helps people deal with stressors) |
| Boderline PD - Linehan's diathesis-stress theory: eitology of BPD | 'Emotional dysregulation of the child' places 'great demands on the family' which leads to 'invailidation by parents through punishing or ignoring the demands' resulting in 'emotional outbusts by child to which parents attend' which further supports 1 |
| Cluster C Personality disorders | anxious/fearful: avoidant, dependant, obsessive/compulsive |
| Avoidant PD | fearful in social situations; sensitive to criticism, rejection or disapproval; actively avoid intimacy with others. Problems in seperating social phobia and avoidant PD - only appear to differ in severity |
| Avoidant PD - causes | some evidence that it occurs more often in relatives of people who have schizophrenia; psychosocial influences (early experiences of rejection) |
| Avoidant PD - treatment | as with social phobia (CBT and exposure) |
| Dependant PD | afraid to rely on themselves to make decisions, lack of self-confidence and a sense of autonomy, a view of others as powerful and self as weak, submissive, clingy, often puts needs of protector before own |
| Dependant PD - causes | psychosocial influences (early experiences of rejection) |
| Dependant PD - treatment | very little research, careful attention of therapeutic relationship required |
| Obsessive/compulsive PD | inflexibility, striving for perfection, preoccupation with rules and order leads to rigidity and inefficiency, ignore feelings as viewed as unpredictable, moralistic, judgemental, work-orientated and poor interpersonal relationships |
| Obsessive/compulsive PD - causes | possible weak genetic contribution, psychosocial factors (parental reinforcement for neatness/order) |
| Obsessive/compulsive PD - treatment | Cognitive Behavioural Therapy |
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