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Psychology Exam 2 ol
Meyers Exploring Psychology in Modules seventh edition Chapters 3,4,5
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Who was Franz Gall | He Invented Phrenology |
| What is Biological Psychology | Concerned with biology and behavior |
| What is a Neuron | A nerve cell, the basic building block of the nervous system |
| What is a Dendrite | The branching extensions of a neuron, they receive messages and conduct messages toward the cell body |
| What is an Axon | The extension of a neuron, through which messages pass to other neurons |
| How do Neurons transmit information | The dendrite receives information and conducts it toward the cell body, the cells axons passes the message to other neurons, muscles, or glands, axons speak, dendrites listen |
| Action Potential | A neural impulse, a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon. |
| Threshold | The level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse |
| Synapse | The tiny gap between a sending neuron and a receiving Dendrite |
| Neurotransmitters | chemical messengers that traverse the synaptic gaps between neurons |
| What Did Sir Charles Sherrington Do? | He noticed it took a long time for neural impulses to travel a neural pathway. Inferring that there was a brief interruption in the transmission. He named the junction a synapse |
| How do neurons Communicate | action potential reaches a axon terminal stimulates release of a neurotransmitter cross the synaptic gap and bind to recpetor sites on the receiving neuron. allowing charged atoms to enter the receiving neuron excite or inhibit a new action potential |
| Acetylcholine | Enables muscle strength learning and memory With Alzheimer's acetylcholine prouducing neurons deterioate. |
| Dopamine | Influnces movement learning attention and emotion. excess Dopamine=Schizophrenia Lack of dopamine=Parkinsons |
| Serotonin | Affects mood hunger sleep and arousal Undersupply=Depression |
| Norepinephrine | Helps control alertness and arousal Undersupply=depressed mood |
| GABA | A major inhibitory neurotransmitter Undersupply=linked to siezures tremors insomnia |
| Glutamate | A major excitatory neurotransmitter involved in memory Oversupply= migraines seizures MSG |
| Nervous System | All nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems |
| Central nervous system | The brain and spinal cord |
| Peripheral nervous system | Sensory and motor neurons that connect the CNS to the rest of the body |
| Nerves | Bundled axons part of the peripheral nervous system, connect the CNS with muscles glands and sense organs |
| Sensory Neurons | neurons that carry incoming information to the sense receptors to the CNS |
| Motor Neurons | Carry outgoing information |
| Motor Neurons | Carry outgoing information |
| Interneurons | Intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs |
| Somatic Nervous system | Contols the body's skeletal muscles |
| Autonomic nervous system | Controls glands muscles of the internal organs |
| Sympathetic Nervous system | Part of the autonomic nervous system, arouses the body mobilizing its energy in stressful situations |
| Parasympathetic nervous system | Calms the body, conserving its energy |
| reflex | automatic response to a sensory stimulus |
| Endocrine system | Set of glands that secrete hormones. The body's slow chemical communication system |
| Hormones | chemical messengers that are produced |
| Adrenal glands | secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine |
| Pitutary Gland | Under the influence of the hypothalamus regulates growth and other endocrine glands |
| Brainstem | Oldest part of the brain, responsible for automatic survival functions |
| Medulla | the base of the brainstem controls heartbeat and breathing. |
| Thalamus | The brains sensory switchboard, Located on the top of the brainstem, it directs messages to sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla |
| Reticular Formation | A nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controlling arousal |
| Cerebellum | The little brain, attached to the rear of the brainstem, processes sensory input and coordinating movement output and balance. |
| Limbic system | Doughnut shaped system of neural structures below the cerebral hemispheres. Associtated with emotions such as fear and aggression and food and sex drives. Includes the hippocampus amygdala and hypothalamus |
| Hippocampus | Located in the limbic system, helps process explicit memories for storage |
| Amygdala | Two lima bean sized neural clusters in the limbic system, and are linked to emotion |
| Hypothalamus | Structure lying below the thalamus, directs eating drinking body temperature, helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland and is linked to emotion. |
| Cerebral Cortex | the intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells that covers the cerebral hemispheres, the body's ulitmate control and information processing center |
| Frontal lobes | Involves speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgments |
| Parietal lobes | Lying at the top of the head and toward the rear, receives sensory input for touch and body position |
| Occipital Lobes | Lying at the back of the head, includes the visual areas each receiving information from the oppsite visual field. |
| Temporal lobes | lying above the ears includes the auditory areas. |
| Motor Cortex | in the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements |
| Sensory Cortex | At the front of the parietal lobes, registers and processes body touch and movement sensations |
| Association areas | involved in higher mental functions auch as learning remembering thinking and speaking |
| Aphasia | Caused by left hemisphere damage,either to Broca's area or Wernicke's area. |
| Broca's Area | Controls Language expression, usually in the left hemisphere |
| Wernicke's Area | Controls lanfuage reception,comprehension and expression, usually in the left temporal lobe |
| Plasticity | The brains capacity for modification following damage |
| Corpus Callosum | Large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them |
| Split brain | A condition in which the brains two hemispheres are isolated by cutting the fibers connecting them |
| Environment | every nongenetic influence from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us. |
| Behavior Genetics | The study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior. |
| Chromosomes | Threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain genes |
| Dna | Aa complex Molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes |
| Genes | The biochemical units of heredity that make up the chromosomes, a segment of DNA capable of synthesizing a protein |
| Genome | The complete instructions for making an organisms chromosomes |
| Interaction | In psychology, occures when the effect of one factor depends on another factor |
| Evolutionary Psychology | the study of the evolution of behavior and the mind using pronciples of natural selection |
| Natural selection | The principle that amoung the range of inherited trait variations those that lead to increased reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations |
| Mutation | A random error in gene replication that leads to a change. |
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