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Sherer Ch7
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| somatic & genetic damage factors | quantity of ionizing radiation to which subject is exposed, ability of ionizing radiation to cause ionization of human tissue, amount of body area exposed, specific body parts exposed |
| effects are cell-killing and directly related to dose received. | Nonstochastic (deterministic) somatic effects |
| mutational or randomly occurring biologic somatic changes independent of dose | Stochastic (probabilistic) somatic effects |
| consequence of low doses delivered over a long interval of time. | Late radiation effects |
| Appear within minutes, hours, days or weeks of exposure, substantial dose necessary to produce, severity of fx is dose related | Early Nonstochastic (Deterministic) Somatic Effects |
| High Dose fx | nausea, fatigue, erythema, epilation, blood disorders, intestinal disorders, fever, dry and moist desquamation, depressed sperm count in male, temp or permanent sterility in male and female, injury to CNS |
| When whole body is exposed to dose of __manifestations occur in succession | 6 Gy |
| what are collection of early somatic symptoms called | acute radiation syndrome (ARS) |
| what is another name for Acute Radiation Syndrome | radiation sickness |
| Occurs in humans after whole-body reception of large doses of radiation over a short period of time | ARS |
| 3 forms of ARS | hematopoietic syndrome gastrointestinal syndrome cerebrovascular syndrome |
| 4 major response stages of ARS | prodromal, latent, manifest, recovery or death |
| occurs within hours after whole body absorbed dose of 1Gy+ | prodromal phase |
| nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, fatigue, & leucopenia | prodromal phase |
| prodromal phase usually has an abnormal decrease in white corpuscles, what is the count? | below 5000/mm3 |
| lasts about 1 week, no symptoms occur | latent period |
| when symptoms become visible to hematopoietic, gastrointestinal, or cerebrovascular system | manifest illness |
| symptoms include apathy, confusion, decrease in # of blood cells & platelets, fluid loss, dehydration, epilation, exhaustion, vomiting, severe diarrhea, fever, headaches, infection, hemorrhage, and cardiovascular collapse | manifest illness |
| after whole body dose of__, exposed persons pass through first 3 stages but show less severe symptoms than those seen after super-lethal doses of __ | 2-3Gy , 6-10Gy |
| survivors are late and stochastic effects | Hiroshima & Nagasaki bombings |
| outcome of 444 people at Chernobyl plant | 2 died instantly, 29 died within 3 months (6Gy+ doses), 203 hospitalized within 2 days after for rad sickness |
| What is threshold for Hematopoietic Syndrome – “bone marrow syndrome” | whole body dose 1-10Gy |
| Hematopoietic Syndrome causes what? | causes # of red & white cells and platelets to decrease, decrease in # of bone marrow stem cells |
| when death occurs from Hematopoietic Syndrome, it is consequence of what? | bone marrow destruction |
| death may occur __ after irradiation in sensitive human subjects receiving __, sooner with more dose. | 6-8 weeks, 2Gy |
| if dose is sublethal, how long does recovery take? | many recover 3-6 months after exposure |
| doses in excess of __ benefited from bone marrow transplants | 5Gy |
| Gastro Intestinal Syndrome threshold | threshold dose 6Gy, peaks after dose of 10Gy |
| without medical support, 6-10Gy dose may die __ after exposure | 3-10 days |
| Impact of dose on survival time with gastro intestinal syndrome | survival time does not change with dose in this syndrome |
| Impact of dose on survival time with hematopoietic syndrome | survival time increases with smaller doses |
| nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, fever, fatigue, loss of appetite lethargy, anemia, leucopenia, hemorrhage, infection, electrolyte imbalance, emaciation | manifest symptoms of GI syndrome |
| When does prodromal stage occur with GI syndrome? | within a few hours of dose |
| death occurs primarily because of what with GI syndrome | primarily because of catastrophic damage to epithelial cells of GI tract. |
| how long does death take with GI syndrome? | death within 3-5 days after irradiation as result of infection, fluid loss, electrolytic imbalance. |
| what is most severely affected part of GI tract | small intestine |
| threshold for Cerebrovascular syndrome | results from doses of 50Gy or more |
| prodromal stage include excessive nervousness, confusion, severe nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, loss of vision, burning sensation of skin, loss of consciousness | Cerebrovascular Syndrome |
| latent period lasts up to 12 hours | Cerebrovascular Syndrome |
| how long does failure of CNS and cardiovascular systems take to cause death? | minutes |
| ultimate cause of death with Cerebrovascular syndrome | elevated fluid content in the brain |
| signifies whole body dose of radiation can be lethal to 50% of population within 30 days | LD 50/30 |
| regardless of treatment, whole-body equivalent doses of over __ considered fatal. | 12 Gy |
| which cells have greater chance for recovery? Oxygenated or hypoxic? | Oxygenated |
| which cells are more effected by low-LET radiation Oxygenated or hypoxic? | oxygenated |
| what % of radiation damage is irreparable | 10% |
| shrinkage of organs and tissues, result of cellular death | atrophy |
| occurs if organ or tissue recovery fails to occur | necrosis |
| first known advocate of radiation protection | William Herbert Rollins |
| radiation protection warning from William Herbert Rollins | radiopaque glasses, enclose x-ray tube housing, irradiate only areas of interest |
| 3 layers of skin tissue | epidermis, dermis (connective tissue), hypodermis (subcu. Fat & connective tissue) |
| appx __ of body’s surface skin cells are replaced daily by stem cells form underlying basal layer | 2% |
| single absorbed dose of __ can cause erythema within __ | 2Gy, 24-48 hours |
| shedding of outer layer of skin | desquamation |
| how long does desquamation take? | Usually takes 1-2 weeks, generally starts as moist and then dry |
| Used to treat tumor, required very high ESE to treat tumor. Would cause erythema & desquamation | orthovoltage radiation therapy treatment (200-300kVp) |
| what regular procedures in the radiology department can produce erythema | cardiovascular or therapeutic interventional procedures using high-level fluoro for extended periods of time |
| development of sperm from stem cell takes __ | 3-5 weeks |
| most radiosensitive sized ova | intermediate sized ova |
| reduction of number of sperm that leads to depletion of mature sperm | maturation depletion |
| when temporary sterility results, how long does it take to manifest? | infertility will begin 2 months after radiation because the maturing cells present. |
| precursor to all cells in hematopoietic system | pluripotential stem cell |
| most pronounced effect of radiation on system is? | reduction of number of blood cells in peripheral circulation |
| decrease of stem cells in bone marrow manifests itself as? | lowered mature circulating blood cells |
| - chromosome map taken of the human cell nucleus during metaphase | karotype |
Created by:
jen.studer
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