Question 1

The four different types of polysaccharides are:

Accepted Answer

starch, glycogen, cellulose and chitin

Question 2

The monomer for starch is an _____, more specifically it is a hexose sugar called ______.

Accepted Answer

Aldose; Glucose

Question 3

The monomers for sucrose are __________ which have a _________ linkage between them.

Accepted Answer

Glucose & Fructose; Glycosidic

Question 4

What is the difference between a Glucose molecule and a Fructose molecule?

Accepted Answer

The location of the Carbonyl group.

Question 5

Name a Triose sugar, a pentose sugar, a hexose aldose sugar (other than glucose) and a hexose ketose sugar (other than fructose):

Accepted Answer

Triose (aldose: gluceraldehyde) (ketose: dihydroxyacetone); Pentose (aldose: ribose) (ketose: ribulose); Hexoses (aldose: galactose) (ketose: fructose)

Question 6

Cellulose is found in ________ and the difference between a starch and cellulose is because cellulose has _____ glucose it is not ______ and there are _____ bonds between two parallel cellulose molecules.

Accepted Answer

plant cells; beta configuration; alpha configuration; hydrogen

Question 7

The parallel cellulose molecules grouped into units is called:

Accepted Answer

microfibrils.

Question 8

Fats are polymers?

Accepted Answer

False!

Question 9

The 2 types of molecules you will find in a Tryglyceride: ________.
These 2 molecules are bonded by an ____ linkage.

Accepted Answer

Glycerol and Fatty Acids. Ester.

Question 10

Which part of the Triglyceride molecule is Hydrophobic?

Accepted Answer

The H-C (hydrocarbon) chain.

Question 11

Presence of which functional group is responsible for the name of the tail part of the Triglyceride molecule?

Accepted Answer

Carboxyl group.

Question 12

The difference between saturated and unsaturated fat is because of the presence of ______ between carbon atoms.

Accepted Answer

double bonds.

Question 13

What can you tell about Trans fats? What is the significance of the name Trans fat?

Accepted Answer

They are mostly found in baked goods/processed foods.  They are produced by the process of hydrogenating vegetable oils (trans double bonds).

Question 14

You will ________ a type of lipid on Cell membranes. The hydrophilic part of this lipid is a functional group called ______ .

Accepted Answer

need? see?

Question 15

How is the structure of steroid different from other lipids?

Accepted Answer

They have a carbon skeleton consisting of 4 fused rings.

Question 16

The type of lipid that you will find most in the human body is ________.

Accepted Answer

steroids.

Question 17

Amino acids link together by _______ bonds. Write the formula for an amino acid and mention the two functional groups in an amino acid.

Accepted Answer

peptide; functional groups are amino group and carboxyl group.

Question 18

The four level of structure of protein starts with a ______ structure, which then bonds with polypeptide chains to form _____ structure which could be a _____ structure or a _____ structure.

Accepted Answer

primary; secondary; alpha helix, b pleated sheet.

Question 19

the third level is a ______ structure which forms when the bonding takes place between the R side chains of the amino acids of the polypeptide chains.

Accepted Answer

tertiary.

Question 20

The more common bonds found between the amino acid side chains are ______, ______, _____ and  hydrophobic as well as van der Waal’s interactions.

Accepted Answer

hydrogen bonds, ionic bond

Question 21

The final structural level is the _____ structure that results from the aggregation of the polypeptide units.

Accepted Answer

quarternary

Question 22

Examples of Quaternary Protein structure :

Accepted Answer

globular transthyretin protein and collagen.

Question 23

Nucleic acids are polymers of compounds called _________ which are made of monomer units called ______.

Accepted Answer

polynucleotides; nucleotides.

Question 24

Examples of nucleic acids:

Accepted Answer

DNA; RNA

Question 25

The nucleotides are made of _________. A nucleoside does not have the ________.

Accepted Answer

nitrogenous base, pentose sugar, phosphate group; phosphate group.

Question 26

Pyrimidines:

Accepted Answer

Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil (C,T,U)

Question 27

Purines:

Accepted Answer

Adenine, Guanine (A,G)

Question 28

The Nucleotides are linked together by a ___________ link that links ________ with a ______ group.

Accepted Answer

phosphodiester; the sugars of two nucleotides; phosphate.

Question 29

What would be the complimentary strand for 5’- CCGATTAGA-3’?

Accepted Answer

3'-GGCTAATCT-5'

Question 30

List the functions of proteins in the body. Which level of protein structure is responsible for protein function? What is protein denaturation?

Accepted Answer

document the hereditary background of an organism. The QUATERNARY (4) level is responsible for protein function.

Question 31

What are some of the factors that lead to protein denaturation? Why do you think it is important to bring fever down to normal body temperature as soon as possible?

Accepted Answer

Protein denaturation is when the protein unravels and loses its native shape.  A fever must be brought down to normal body temp. quickly b/c proteins in the blood can denature at very high body temperatures.

Question 32

The reaction responsible for building polymers from monomers is called _________ and the type of reaction that releases monomers from polymers is called ________

Accepted Answer

dehydration; hydrolysis.

Question 33

Most plant and animal cells range in size between _______ to _______.

Accepted Answer

100 micrometers; 10 micrometers

Question 34

2.	Two basic types of electron microscopes used to study subcellular structures are _______ and _______.

Accepted Answer

SEM (scanning electron microscope); TEM (transmission electron telescope).

Question 35

3.	The _________ Electron Microscope provides a 3-D view of  cells, whereas the ______ Electron Microscope shows the internal structures of cells.

Accepted Answer

scanning; transmission

Question 36

4.	A cell contains subcellular structures called __________. Each having their own distinctive function.

Accepted Answer

organelles

Question 37

5.	The process of _____ _______ allows cell biologists to separate different cellular organelles from cells.

Accepted Answer

cell fractionation

Question 38

6.	The two types of cells found in nature are _______ and _______. The domains Bacteria and Archae are ______ cells and the Kingdoms Plantae, Animalia, Fungi and Portists are ______ cells.

Accepted Answer

prokaryotes; eukaryotes; prokaryotic; eukaryotic.

Question 39

List the four basic features of all cells ________________.

Accepted Answer

plasma membrane; chromosomes; ribosomes; cytosol.

Question 40

plasma membrane-

Accepted Answer

selective barrier that allows sufficient passage of oxygen, nutrients and wastes to service the entire cell.

Question 41

chromosomes-

Accepted Answer

carry genes in the form of DNA.

Question 42

ribosomes-

Accepted Answer

tiny complexes that make proteins according to instructions from the genes.

Question 43

cytosol-

Accepted Answer

semifluid, jelly-like substance that is enclosed by the membrane.

Question 44

List the four characteristics of Prokaryotic cells _________________________________.

Accepted Answer

DNA is concentrated in a region that is not membrane enclosed (nucleoid). Interior of a prokaryotic cell is called cytoplasm. Membrane-bounded organelles are absent in prokaryotic cells. Small size (1-5 micrometers in diameter).

Question 45

List the three characteristics of Eukaryotic cells _________________________________.

Accepted Answer

They have a variety of organelles of specialized form/function w/in the cytoplasm. Larger size (10-100 micrometers in diameter). They have a nucleus where DNA is found.

Question 46

The Plasma membrane is made up mainly  of ____________, ____________ and some ________.

Accepted Answer

phospholipids, proteins, carbohydrates.

Question 47

After viewing the figures of an animal cell and plant cell, list the structures you will find in a plant cell but not in an animal cell. _________

Accepted Answer

chloroplasts, central vacuole, cell wall, and plasmodesmata.

Question 48

chloroplasts-

Accepted Answer

converts energy of sunlight to chemical energy.

Question 49

central vacuole-

Accepted Answer

storage/breakdown of wastes/macromolecule hydrolysis.

Question 50

cell wall-

Accepted Answer

outer layer/maintains cell's shape/protects from damage.

Question 51

plasmodesmata-

Accepted Answer

channels through cell walls that connect cytoplasm of adjacent cells.

Question 52

The Nucleus contain _______,and _________. It also has a _______ _______ to separate it from the cytoplasm.

Accepted Answer

nucleolus; chromatin; nuclear envelope.

Question 53

The function of Ribosomes  is to manufacture _______. There are two types of Ribosomes ______ and ___________.

Accepted Answer

proteins; free ribosomes; bound ribosomes.

Question 54

Ribosomes that are ______ produce proteins that are used  within the cytoplasm whereas bound ribosomes produce _______ proteins. Organs that secrete _________have a high proportion of ribosomes.

Accepted Answer

free; secretion; proteins.

Question 55

What is the Endomembrane System?

Accepted Answer

synthesis of proteins and their transport into membranes and organelles or out of the cell, metabolism and movement of lipids, and detoxification of poisons.

Question 56

List the 6  components of the Endomembrane System.
________, __________, ________, _________, _________, __________.

Accepted Answer

nuclear envelope; endoplasmic reticulum; golgi apparatus; lysosomes; vacuoles; plasma membrane.

Question 57

What are vesicles?

Accepted Answer

sacs made of membrane.

Question 58

What are the functions of the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum?

Accepted Answer

synthesis of lipids; storage of calcium ions; metabolism of carbohydrates; detoxification of drugs and poisons.

Question 59

Where will you find cells that have  a high proportion of SER?

Accepted Answer

in the testes/ovaries.

Question 60

What are the functions of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum?

Accepted Answer

make secretory proteins; membrane factory for the cell; makes its own phosholipids.

Question 61

Where will you find cells that have  a high proportion of RER?

Accepted Answer

in muscle cells.

Question 62

Lysosome contain ________ enzymes which digests ________. The two processes that you learned about regarding this function of Lysosome are ______ and ________.

Accepted Answer

hydrolytic; food particles or organelle components; phagocytosis; autophagy.

Question 63

What are the three types of vacuoles found in cells.

Accepted Answer

food vacuole; contractile vacuole; central vacuole.

Question 64

Do plant cells have lysosomes?

Accepted Answer

No! In plant cells, the large vacuole acts as the lysosomes by breaking down large molecules into smaller ones.

Question	Answer
The four different types of polysaccharides are:	starch, glycogen, cellulose and chitin
The monomer for starch is an _____, more specifically it is a hexose sugar called ______.	Aldose; Glucose
The monomers for sucrose are __________ which have a _________ linkage between them.	Glucose & Fructose; Glycosidic
What is the difference between a Glucose molecule and a Fructose molecule?	The location of the Carbonyl group.
Name a Triose sugar, a pentose sugar, a hexose aldose sugar (other than glucose) and a hexose ketose sugar (other than fructose):	Triose (aldose: gluceraldehyde) (ketose: dihydroxyacetone); Pentose (aldose: ribose) (ketose: ribulose); Hexoses (aldose: galactose) (ketose: fructose)
Cellulose is found in ________ and the difference between a starch and cellulose is because cellulose has _____ glucose it is not ______ and there are _____ bonds between two parallel cellulose molecules.	plant cells; beta configuration; alpha configuration; hydrogen
The parallel cellulose molecules grouped into units is called:	microfibrils.
Fats are polymers?	False!
The 2 types of molecules you will find in a Tryglyceride: ________. These 2 molecules are bonded by an ____ linkage.	Glycerol and Fatty Acids. Ester.
Which part of the Triglyceride molecule is Hydrophobic?	The H-C (hydrocarbon) chain.
Presence of which functional group is responsible for the name of the tail part of the Triglyceride molecule?	Carboxyl group.
The difference between saturated and unsaturated fat is because of the presence of ______ between carbon atoms.	double bonds.
What can you tell about Trans fats? What is the significance of the name Trans fat?	They are mostly found in baked goods/processed foods. They are produced by the process of hydrogenating vegetable oils (trans double bonds).
You will ________ a type of lipid on Cell membranes. The hydrophilic part of this lipid is a functional group called ______ .	need? see?
How is the structure of steroid different from other lipids?	They have a carbon skeleton consisting of 4 fused rings.
The type of lipid that you will find most in the human body is ________.	steroids.
Amino acids link together by _______ bonds. Write the formula for an amino acid and mention the two functional groups in an amino acid.	peptide; functional groups are amino group and carboxyl group.
The four level of structure of protein starts with a ______ structure, which then bonds with polypeptide chains to form _____ structure which could be a _____ structure or a _____ structure.	primary; secondary; alpha helix, b pleated sheet.
the third level is a ______ structure which forms when the bonding takes place between the R side chains of the amino acids of the polypeptide chains.	tertiary.
The more common bonds found between the amino acid side chains are ______, ______, _____ and hydrophobic as well as van der Waal’s interactions.	hydrogen bonds, ionic bond
The final structural level is the _____ structure that results from the aggregation of the polypeptide units.	quarternary
Examples of Quaternary Protein structure :	globular transthyretin protein and collagen.
Nucleic acids are polymers of compounds called _________ which are made of monomer units called ______.	polynucleotides; nucleotides.
Examples of nucleic acids:	DNA; RNA
The nucleotides are made of _________. A nucleoside does not have the ________.	nitrogenous base, pentose sugar, phosphate group; phosphate group.
Pyrimidines:	Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil (C,T,U)
Purines:	Adenine, Guanine (A,G)
The Nucleotides are linked together by a ___________ link that links ________ with a ______ group.	phosphodiester; the sugars of two nucleotides; phosphate.
What would be the complimentary strand for 5’- CCGATTAGA-3’?	3'-GGCTAATCT-5'
List the functions of proteins in the body. Which level of protein structure is responsible for protein function? What is protein denaturation?	document the hereditary background of an organism. The QUATERNARY (4) level is responsible for protein function.
What are some of the factors that lead to protein denaturation? Why do you think it is important to bring fever down to normal body temperature as soon as possible?	Protein denaturation is when the protein unravels and loses its native shape. A fever must be brought down to normal body temp. quickly b/c proteins in the blood can denature at very high body temperatures.
The reaction responsible for building polymers from monomers is called _________ and the type of reaction that releases monomers from polymers is called ________	dehydration; hydrolysis.
Most plant and animal cells range in size between _______ to _______.	100 micrometers; 10 micrometers
2. Two basic types of electron microscopes used to study subcellular structures are _______ and _______.	SEM (scanning electron microscope); TEM (transmission electron telescope).
3. The _________ Electron Microscope provides a 3-D view of cells, whereas the ______ Electron Microscope shows the internal structures of cells.	scanning; transmission
4. A cell contains subcellular structures called __________. Each having their own distinctive function.	organelles
5. The process of _____ _______ allows cell biologists to separate different cellular organelles from cells.	cell fractionation
6. The two types of cells found in nature are _______ and _______. The domains Bacteria and Archae are ______ cells and the Kingdoms Plantae, Animalia, Fungi and Portists are ______ cells.	prokaryotes; eukaryotes; prokaryotic; eukaryotic.
List the four basic features of all cells ________________.	plasma membrane; chromosomes; ribosomes; cytosol.
plasma membrane-	selective barrier that allows sufficient passage of oxygen, nutrients and wastes to service the entire cell.
chromosomes-	carry genes in the form of DNA.
ribosomes-	tiny complexes that make proteins according to instructions from the genes.
cytosol-	semifluid, jelly-like substance that is enclosed by the membrane.
List the four characteristics of Prokaryotic cells _________________________________.	DNA is concentrated in a region that is not membrane enclosed (nucleoid). Interior of a prokaryotic cell is called cytoplasm. Membrane-bounded organelles are absent in prokaryotic cells. Small size (1-5 micrometers in diameter).
List the three characteristics of Eukaryotic cells _________________________________.	They have a variety of organelles of specialized form/function w/in the cytoplasm. Larger size (10-100 micrometers in diameter). They have a nucleus where DNA is found.
The Plasma membrane is made up mainly of ____________, ____________ and some ________.	phospholipids, proteins, carbohydrates.
After viewing the figures of an animal cell and plant cell, list the structures you will find in a plant cell but not in an animal cell. _________	chloroplasts, central vacuole, cell wall, and plasmodesmata.
chloroplasts-	converts energy of sunlight to chemical energy.
central vacuole-	storage/breakdown of wastes/macromolecule hydrolysis.
cell wall-	outer layer/maintains cell's shape/protects from damage.
plasmodesmata-	channels through cell walls that connect cytoplasm of adjacent cells.
The Nucleus contain _______,and _________. It also has a _______ _______ to separate it from the cytoplasm.	nucleolus; chromatin; nuclear envelope.
The function of Ribosomes is to manufacture _______. There are two types of Ribosomes ______ and ___________.	proteins; free ribosomes; bound ribosomes.
Ribosomes that are ______ produce proteins that are used within the cytoplasm whereas bound ribosomes produce _______ proteins. Organs that secrete _________have a high proportion of ribosomes.	free; secretion; proteins.
What is the Endomembrane System?	synthesis of proteins and their transport into membranes and organelles or out of the cell, metabolism and movement of lipids, and detoxification of poisons.
List the 6 components of the Endomembrane System. ________, __________, ________, _________, _________, __________.	nuclear envelope; endoplasmic reticulum; golgi apparatus; lysosomes; vacuoles; plasma membrane.
What are vesicles?	sacs made of membrane.
What are the functions of the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum?	synthesis of lipids; storage of calcium ions; metabolism of carbohydrates; detoxification of drugs and poisons.
Where will you find cells that have a high proportion of SER?	in the testes/ovaries.
What are the functions of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum?	make secretory proteins; membrane factory for the cell; makes its own phosholipids.
Where will you find cells that have a high proportion of RER?	in muscle cells.
Lysosome contain ________ enzymes which digests ________. The two processes that you learned about regarding this function of Lysosome are ______ and ________.	hydrolytic; food particles or organelle components; phagocytosis; autophagy.
What are the three types of vacuoles found in cells.	food vacuole; contractile vacuole; central vacuole.
Do plant cells have lysosomes?	No! In plant cells, the large vacuole acts as the lysosomes by breaking down large molecules into smaller ones.
food vacuole-	fuses with lysosomes; digests food.
contractile vacuole-	pump excess water out of the cell.
central vacuole-	holds reserves of important organic compounds; it is the plant cell's main respiratory of inorganic ions.
Mitochondria are the sites of ____ and ____.	respiration; cell division.
Chloroplasts are found in ___ and ___ are the sites of photosynthesis.	plants; algae; photosynthesis.
Mitochondria contain a structure called ______ formed by its inner membrane which is the site for ______ synthesis.	mitochondrial matrix; protein.
____ have their own DNA.	mitochondria and chloroplasts.
Chloroplasts is a member of a family of organelles called ____.	plastids
Chloroplasts contain ________. The structure in chloroplasts which is made up of membranes is called________.	chlorophyll; thylakoids
Mitochondria and chloroplasts do not belong to the ___________.	endomembrane system.
The mitochondria is responsible for _______ respiration and producing ________.	cell; ATP (energy).
Mitochondria is commonly referred to as the “ ________ house “ of the cell as it generates energy.	power.
_______ are membrane bound organelle which produces hydrogen peroxide and converts that to ________.	peroxisomes; H2O(water).
The three types of cytoskeletal structures are _________________________.	microtubules, microfilaments and intermediate filaments.
The main function of cytoskeleton is _______, _______ and ________.	support, motility, and regulation.
The Centrosome has a pair of ______ which is made up of _______. This is an essential organelle required for _____ ________.	centrioles; nine sets of triplet microtubules arranged in a ring; animal development (animal cell).
Cilia and flagella are also made up of ___________.	microtubules.
The four types of junctions you would find between cells are ____________________________.	tight junctions; desmosomes; gap junctions; plasmodesmata
tight junctions-	plasma membranes of neighboring cells are very tightly pressed against each other, bound together by specific proteins.
desmosomes-	attach muscle cells to each other in a muscle. Fastens cells together into strong sheets.
gap junctions-	membrane proteins that surround a pore through which ions, sugars, amino acids, etc. may pass. Necessary for communication b/w cells.
plasmodesmata-	fire strands of cytoplasm (called plasmodesmata) extend through pores in the cell wall connecting the cytoplasm of each cell w/ that of its neighbors.
The plasma membrane exhibits _______ permeability. It is also referred to as having a “_____________ ” model .	selective permeability; fluid mosaic
__________determine most of the membrane’s specific functions	proteins
_________ and _______ are the two types of proteins on the cell membrane.	integral; peripheral
The 6 major functions of proteins are ________________	transport; enzymatic transduction; signal transduction; cell-cell recognition; intercelular joining; attachment to the cytoskeleton.
transport-	may provide a hydrophilic channel across the membrane that is for a particular solute. May change its shape and act as a transport "shuttle".
enzymatic activity-	a protein that is built into the membrane maybe an enzyme w/ its active site...can be organized as a "team", carry-out sequential steps of a metabolic pathway.
signal transduction-	a membrane protein (receptor) may have a binding site w/ a specific shape that fits the shape of a chemical messenger.
cell-cell transduction-	some glycoproteins serve as identification tags that are specifically recognized by membrane proteins of other cells.
intercellular joining-	membrane proteins may "hook" together in various kinds of junctions (group junctions/tight junctions).
attachment to the cytoskeleton & extracellular matrix (ECM)	"make-up" cytoskeleton: microfilaments & microtubules.
Plasma membranes are selectively permeable, regulating the cell’s _________traffic	"extensive" (some go in, others go out).
If you have a mixture of solutions consisting of glucose, alcohol, Vitamin A, large protein molecule like insulin, which one of these will pass through the hydrophobic layer of the plasma membrane?	Pass: alcohol & vitamin A. Mechanism for Glucose & Insulin: through "carrier proteins"
Channel proteins called _________facilitate the passage of water.	transport.
List the Membrane Transport processes which are passive and do not require ATP from the cell.	Simple Diffusion; Facilitated Diffusion.
Simple Diffusion	unaided...only small, non-polar molecules can pass through...molecules move randomly...@ equilibrium, equal # cross the membrane in both directions.
Facilitated Diffusion	channel proteins; carrier proteins
channel proteins-	allow polar (charged) substances to cross the membrane...stimulus molecule allows the "channel" to open.
channel protein example	aquaporins
carrier proteins-	protein binds a molecule on one side of the membrane, changes shape, and then deposits the molecule on the other side of the membrane.
carrier protein example	glucose
passive transport-	substances move DOWN the concentration gradient.
active transport-	substances move AGAINST the concentration gradient.
integral proteins-	penetrate the hydrophobic core of the lipid bilayer (embedded).
peripheral proteins-	NOT embedded in the lipid bilayer, but rather are bound to the surface of the membrane, often to exposed parts of the integral proteins.
________ is diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.	Osmosis.
tonicity-	the ability of a solution to cause a cell to GAIN or LOSE water.
isotonic-	"same"; no net movement.
isotonic: plants	flaccid 9droopy/loose) b/c of lack of water.
isotonic: animal	normal!
hypotonic-	water enters faster than it leaves.
hypotonic: plant	firm (turgid); normal!! Plants LOVE this state!
hypotonic: animal	lysed (exploding balloon)
hypertonic-	cell loses water
hypertonic: plant	plasmolyzed (shrinks)...dies!
hypertonic: animal	shriveled (shrinks)
What will happen to a red blood cell placed in 0.9% saline solution, 1.5% saline solution and 0.1% saline solution?	isotonic; hypertonic; hypotonic
_______ is the term used to describe water balance.	osmoregulation
If a plant cell is kept in hypotonic solution what will happen to the plant cell? What will happen if a red blood cell is kept in a hypotonic solution?	plant: remains firm (turgid) HAPPY! ... red blood cell: gain water, cell swells and bursts (hemolysis).
What will happen to a plant cell kept in an isotonic solution?	flaccid...there is a lack of water!
_______ will take place when a plant cell is kept in a hypertonic solution.	plasmolysis
________ is a process of diffusion requiring transport proteins.	facilitated diffusion
_________ moves substances against concentration gradient.	active transport
_________ is a type of active transport system.	sodium-potassium pump
________ is the voltage difference across a membrane and proton pumps move ions across the cell membrane.	membrane potential
Vesicular Transport is a mechanism of ______ transport which includes the process of ________ and _______ and it requires _______.	bulk (large molecules); exocytosis; endocytosis; ATP (energy)
Mention the three types of processes for endocytosis?	phagocytosis; pinocytosis; receptor-mediated endocytosis
phagocytosis-	cellular eating
pinocytosis-	cellular drinking
receptor-mediated endocytosis-	cell acquires "bulk" quantities of specific substances.
What is cotransport of molecules? Give an example.	active transport of a solute indirectly drives transport of another solute...ex: plants--use the gradient of hydrogen ions generated by the proton pumps to drive active transport of nutrients into the cell.
What is the First and Second Law of Thermodynamics?	law of conservation of mass; every energy transfer increases the entropy (measure of disorder/randomness) of the universe.
What is Enthalpy?	the TOTAL energy.
What is Free Energy? Why is it unstable?	portion of a systems' energy that CAN PERFORM WORK. Unstable b/c it's a measure of tendency to change to a more stable state.
How does the second law of thermodynamics help explain the diffusion of a substance across a membrane?	When molecules are contained in one area, it is considered an "ordered" system. If thety are allowed to move FREELY, they will begin to diffuse, and therefore the amount of entropy (disorder) increases.
In an Exergonic Reaction what happens to the free energy?	free energy DECREASES b/c it is getting released...resulting in negative G.
In a spontaneous reaction is the Free Energy less or more?	free energy is LESS (decreases).
Is respiration spontaneous or not? Is it exergonic or endergonic? What happens to the energy released from glucose?	NOT spontaneous b/c it uses 2 ATP of energy to get Ea started; EXERGONIC b/c it releases more energy than it uses; the energy released from glucose is used to put together ATP (stored as ATP).
Explain the process of cellular respiration using the terms catabolic pathway of metabolism, exergonic reaction and Free Energy.	has a CATABOLIC PATHWAY b/c it releases energy (EXERGONIC); breaks down organic molecules through a series of enzyme controlled reactions, resulting in -686 kcal of energy (free energy) harvested for each glucose molecule (free energy change of -686 kcal)
How does a molecule of ATP provide energy for a membrane transport process.	ATP hydrolysis leads to a change in a protein's shape and often its ability to bind another molecule (occurring often via a phosphorylated intermediate). ATP phosphorylates transport proteins...transfer of a phosphate group of ATP to some other molecule.
Enzymes function by lowering _________ energy	activation (Ea)
Enzyme Catechol Oxidase is used to oxidize Catechol a compound found in potato. If the same enzyme is used to oxidize Sucrose there will be no action, how would you explain this based on the properties of enzymes?	each enzyme has a unique (SPECIFICITY), thus allowing a reaction w/only one type of substrate.
What is a similarity and a difference between Competitive and Non-Competitive inhibitors for enzyme action?	similarity: impede enzymatic reactions...differences: competitive ("mimics" block substrates from entering active sites) non-competitive (bind to another part of the enzyme, causing the molecule to change its shape; active site functions less effectively)
What are the three steps in an enzymes catalytic cycle? - step 1	substrate binds to the active site forming an enzyme-substrate complex. Substrate is held in the active site by weak interactions (hydrogen bonds).
What are the three steps in an enzymes catalytic cycle? - step 2	induced fit of the active site around the substrate. Side chains of amino acids in the active site catalyze the conversion of substrate to product.
What are the three steps in an enzymes catalytic cycle? - step 3	product departs active site and the enzyme emerges in its original form, since enzymes are used over and over again.
What are some of the factors that affect enzyme activity?	temperature and pH.
What is Allosteric Regulation?	describes any case in which a protein's function at one site is affected by the binding of a regulatory molecule to a separate site.

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Biology Test 2 (5-8)

Chapters 5-8

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