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PSY CH3 Terms
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Nerves | bundles of neuron fibers(axons) that are routed together in the peripheral nervous system |
| Neurons | individual cells in the nervous system that recieve, integrate, and transmit information |
| Soma/Cell Body | contains the cell nucleus and much of the chemical machinery common to most cells |
| Dendrites | parts of the neuron that specialize in receiving information |
| Axon | thing, long fiber that transmits signals away from the soma to other neurons or to muscles/glands |
| Myelin Sheath | fatty white substance that insulates axons and speeds up the transmission of signals |
| Terminal Buttons | -where the axon ends -small knobs that secrete chemicals called neurotransmitters |
| Synapse | -the points where neurons interconnect -a junction where information is transmitted from one neuron to another |
| Glia | cells found throughout the nervous system that provide support for neurons such as nourishment, removing neuron waste, and providing insulation around axons |
| Resting Potential | stable, negative charge (-70 millivolts) when a cell is inactive |
| Action Potential | a very brief shift in a neruon's electrical charge that travels along the axon |
| Absolute Refractory Period | the minimum length of time after an action potential during which another action potential cannot being |
| Synaptic Gap | the gap between the terminal buttons of one neuron and the cell membrane of another neuron |
| Neurotransmitters | chemicals that transmit information from one neuron to another |
| Vesicles | located in terminal buttons, vesicles act as storage for neurotransmitters. Vesicles release neurotransmitters when they fuse with the membrane of the presynaptic cell |
| Postsynaptic Potential (PSP) | a voltage change at a receptor site on a postsynaptic cell membrane |
| Reuptake | a process where neurotransmitters are sponged up from the synaptic gap by the presynaptic membranes |
| Agonist | a chemical that mimics the action of a neurotransmitter |
| Antagonist | a chemical that opposes the action of a neurotransmitter |
| Endorphins | internally produced chemicals that resemble opiates in structure and effects |
| Peripheral Nerve System | Made up of all nerves that lie outside the brain and spinal cord |
| Somatic Nervous System | Made up of nerves that connect to voluntary skeletal muscles and to sensory receptors |
| Afferent Nerve Fibers | Axons that carry information inward to the central nervous system from the periphery of the body |
| Efferent Nerve Fibers | axons that carry information outward from the central nervous system to the periphery of the body |
| Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) | made up of nerves that connect to the heart, blood vessels, smooth muscles, and glands |
| Sympathetic Division | branch of the ANS that mobilizes the body's resources for emergencies |
| Parasympathetic Division | branch of the ANS that generally conserves bodily resources |
| Central Nervous System | consists of the brain and spinal cord |
| Cerebrospinal Fluid | nourishes the brain and provides a protective cushion for it |
| Lesioning | involves destroying a piece of the brain |
| Electrical Stimulation of the Brain (ESB) | involves sending a weak electric current into a brain structure to stimulate (activate) it |
| Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) | a new technique that permits scientists to temporarily enhance or depress activity in a specific area of the brain |
| Hindbrain | includes the cerebellum and two structures found in the lower part of the brain: the medulla and the pons |
| Midbrain | segment of the brainstem that lies between the hindbrain and forebrain |
| Forebrain | the largest and most complex region of the brain, encompassing a variety of structures, including the thalamus, hypothalamus, limbic system, and cerebrum |
| Thalamus | a structure in the forebrain through which all sensory information (except smell) must pass to get to the cerebral cortex |
| Hypothalamus | a structure found near the base of the forebrain(under the thalamus)that is involved in the regulation of basic biological needs |
| Limbic System | a loosely connected network of structures located roughly along the border between the cerebral cortex and deeper subcortical areas |
| Cerebral Cortex | the convoluted outer layer of the cerebrum |
| Cerebral Hemisipheres | the right and left halves of the cerebrum |
| Corpus Callosum | the structure that connects the two cerebral hemispheres |
| Mirror Neurons | neurons that are activated by performing an action or by seeing another person/monkey perform the same action |
| Endocrine System | consists of glands that secrete chemicals into the bloodstream that help control bodily functioning |
| Hormones | chemical substances released by the endocrine glands |
Created by:
andrew.dang
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