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M&E - COL 1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Motivation | the processes that start, guide, and maintain behavior |
| Psychological Intertia | the tendency for a person to continue what they are doing until a stimulus is presented to disrupt that doing |
| A Stimulus Must Register At... | the level of sensation, but not necessarily the level of perception |
| Arousal | a shift in our energy levels |
| Emotion | a subjective feeling state |
| Mood | an ongoing feeling that is unrelated to a stimulus |
| Affect | subjective feeling tied to a particular stimulus (ex: puppies & happiness) |
| Cognition | conscious thought process that involves attention and working memory |
| Cognitive Representation | use of mental images to construct things that are not present to the senses, which helps us expand our knowledge about the world |
| Physiological Needs | biological survival needs |
| Psychological Needs | necessities for personal growth (cognitions and emotions must be nurtured) |
| Psychological Needs Requirements | must be needed for well-being & its absence will induce ill-being |
| Drive | a type of motive, converting a feeling into a need, energization of a behavior towards a meeting need |
| Motive | a cause for motivation |
| Drive VS Need | a need is what needs to be satisfied, while the drive in the influence to pursue the satisfaction of a need // needs can sometimes be mistaken, like when your thirsty but your drive is to eat |
| Psychological Drive | the energization of behavior towards satisfying a need, but that need is based on interpretation |
| Needs | not only needed to survive, but needed to thrive |
| Deficiency Need | a biological or psychological lack of something that needs to be satisfied |
| Growth Need | opportunity for psychological improvement |
| Theory | comprehensive explanation of a phenomenon |
| Model | a depiction of steps in a process |
| Hypothesis | falsifiable prediction |
| Quasi-Experiment | use of existing categories, lacks control over the independent variable |
| Archival Study | using existing records as data for hypothesis testing, some control |
| Meta-Analysis | the combination of statistical data from existing studies, some control |
| Internal Validity | results due to experimental conditions |
| External Validity | results could be obtained with other people, places, and times |
| Examples Of External Expressions That Can Help Make Inferences About Motivational Processes | behaviors, engagement, psychophysiology, brain activation, self-report |
| Intrinsic Motivation | motivation that is driven by internal factors such as newness, challenge, or growth |
| Extrinsic Motivation | motivation prompted by an external stiumulus |
| Mind-Body Dualism | mental processes and the body exist separately |
| Brain VS Mind | brain is a physical property, while mind is the feelings/thought generated by the brain |
| Introspection | examination of conscious activity |
| Wilhelm Wundt (1879) | created what is known as the first psychological laboratory |
| Structuralism | aimed to break down the human mind and conscious experience into their most basic elemental components |
| Functionalism | aimed to recognize the purpose and role of the human mind |
| Behaviorism (Watson) | study of observable human actions |
| Skinner's Argument | there is no such thing as free will |
| Psychoanalytic Theory | behavior and personality are shaped by the unconscious mind |
| Humanistic Psychology | human nature is positive and human direction is toward personal growth |
| Cognitive Perspective (1960s) | examines mental activities that guide behavior |
| Greek Tripartite Of The Soul | appetitive drive (biological: hunger, sex, etc.) → competitive drive (social) → calculating drive (reasoning, possibilities) |
| Descartes Argument | will initiates and directs action |
| Hedonism | belief that pleasure is the highest form of good humans can achieve |
| Psychological Hedonism | all human actions are determined by the pursuit of pleasure and avoidance of pain |
| Instinct | innate reaction to an external stimulus that is not the result of learning (a form of motivation) |
| Biological Based Instincts (Examples) | rooting, sucking |
| Psychological Based Instincts (Examples) | imitation, other social behaviors |
| Drive Theories Of Motivation Suggestion | purpose of behavior is to satisfy a biological need (Freud's Drive Theory) |
| Drive Theory | a need energizes behavior that reduces that need |
| Urges → Drive → ... | behavior |
| Hull's Drive Theory | drive |
| Drive (Hull's Definition) | pooled energy from across all body deficits |
| Hull's Drive Theory | drive energized behavior, while habit guided behavior |
| Hull's Original Formula: E = H x D | excitatory potential = habit x drive |
| Hull's Updated Formula: E = H x D x K | excitatory potential = habit x drive x kenneth (kenneth: student that suggested incentive) OR behavior = learned response x motivation x incentive |
| Incentive | external stimulus that energizes and directs behavior |
| Arousal | state of alertness and activation |
| Arousal Is Best At... | a moderate level (between boredom and anxiety) |
| Focus Of Cognitive Theories Of Motivation | interpretation, mental processes can become motivational processes |
| Expectancy-Value Theory | motivation is determined by the perceived probability that a behavior will lead to a desired outcome |
| Focus Of Need Theories Of Motivation | motivation is driven by satisfying needs including achievement, power, & affiliation |
| Self-Determination Theory | need-based theory, motivation is borne out of a desire to meet needs of autonomy, relatedness, and competence |
| Autonomy | the need to feel in control of your own life, choices, and actions rather than controlled by outside forces |
| Competence | the need to feel effective, master tasks, and experience growth in your skills |
| Relatedness | the need to feel a sense of belonging, care, and connection with others |
| 1st Grand Unifying Model Of Motivation & Emotion | internal/external stimulation → drive/tension → cognitive interpretation → motivation |
| Nervous System Functions | processes sensory information & coordinates reactions/behaviors |
| Short-Lived Effects Are From... | the nervous system |
| Longer-Lasting Effects Are From... | the endocrine system (take longer to register though) |
| Endocrine System Functions | controls & coordinates internal processes that sustain normal functioning |
| Main Component Of Communication In The Endocrine System Is... | hormones |
| Hormones | chemicals released by a gland into the bloodstream in order to regulate activity in another part of the body |
| Main Component Of Communication In The Nervous System Is... | neurotransmitter |
| Neurotransmitters | chemicals that are sent by one neuron to an adjacent neuron (combines with cell membrane) |
| Electro-Chemical Signals Are Sent Within The... | nervous system |
| Neuron | specialized cell to transmit information |
| Nerves Are Bundles Of... | neurons |
| Two Parts Of The Nervous System | central (CNS) & peripheral (PNS) |
| CNS Consists Of... | the brain & spinal cord |
| PNS Consists Of... | everything outside of the brain & spinal cord |
| Afferent Nerves Communication Information To... | the CNS |
| Efferent Nerves Communication Information To... | the PNS |
| Hindbrain | part of the CNS, just above the spinal cord, responsible for basic regulation/survival needs |
| Cerebellum | part of hindbrain, helps coordinate smooth muscle movement |
| Medulla Oblongata | part of the hindbrain, first structure above spinal cord, regulates essential involuntary survival processes like breathing & heartrate |
| Pons | part of the hindbrain, above the medulla, integral to breathing & sleep |
| The Pons Is The Bridge Between... | the two sides of the hindbrain & between the hindbrain & midbrain |
| Midbrain | just above the hindbrain // regulates body temperature, processes sensory input, coordinates certain muscle movements, helps with arousal, & helps with sleep |
| Reticular Formation | important for arousal, the production of neurotransmitters that influence our motivated behavior, & coordination of movements of facial expressions |
| Forebrain | responsible for cognitive activities & generating intentional movement |
| Cortex | thin outer layer of the brain // responsible for cognition, interpretation of sensory information, and voluntary physical movement |
| Prefrontal Cortex | involved in planning, decision-making, & problem solving |
| Thalamus | part of the subcortical, relay station for the processing of sensory information |
| Hypothalamus | part of the subcortical responsible for hormone release & regulation of behavior including the fight-or-flight response |
| Basal Ganglia | part of the subcortical, responsible for smooth intentional movement |
| Limbic System | part of the subcortical, responsible for emotion & memory |
| Parts Of The Limbic System | hippocampus, cingulate gyrus, amygdala |
| Hippocampus | responsible for memory consolidation |
| Cingulate Gyrus | emotional expression through gestures (ex: clenched teeth) |
| Amygdala | link between a stimulus & reaction to the stimulus |
| Two Parts Of PNS | somatic & autonomic nervous system |
| Somatic Nervous System | controls voluntary muscle movements |
| Autonomic Nervous System | controls unconscious regulation of organs |
| Two Parts Of The Autonomic Nervous System | sympathetic & parasympathetic |
| Sympathetic Nervous System | part of the autonomic nervous system, mobilizes energy for emergency stress response |
| Parasympathetic Nervous System | conserves energy & restores damage to the body |
| Gland | organ that produces & releases hormones ti regulate body functions |
| Glands Release... | hormones |
| Function Of Adrenal Gland | increases heartrate & oxygen intake, controls blood pressure, controls anti-inflammatory & muscle strength |
| Function Of Pituitary Gland | controls water retention & blood pressure, controls development & fat distribution, controls childbirth & trust, produces sex hormones |
| Function Of Pineal Gland | controls sleep |
| Function Of Ovaries (Gland) | sexual/reproductive development (mostly in women) |
| Function Of Testes (Gland) | sexual/reproductive development (mostly in men) |
| Function Of Thyroid Gland | regulates metabolism |
| Function Of Pancreas | controls blood sugar decrease & increase, stores fat |
| Negative Feedback Loop | creates a decrease in a function in order to maintain homeostasis |
| Gray Matter | composed of the cell bodies of neurons |
| Neurons Look Gray Post Mortem, But... | look pink and healthy while blood is flowing to them |
| White Matter | composed of the myelinated axons of neuron cells |
| Cortex | outermost layer of the brain, provides our human brain with uniquely human activities of the mind |
| Excitatory Neurotransmitters | norepinephrine, dopamine |
| Inhibitory Neurotransmitters | serotonin, GABA, acetylcholine |
| Norepinephrine | boosts many brain functions, fight-or-flight |
| Dopamine | attention, reward, pleasure, signals muscles to moveme |
| Serotonin | master neurotransmitter (mood, sleep, appetite, pain, digestion) |
| GABA | inhibitory and calming chemical in CNS |
| Acetylcholine | primary chemical signal in PNS (rest & digest) |
| Lateral | to the side |
| Medial | in the middle |
| Anterior | front |
| Posterior | back |
| Dorsal | above |
| Ventral | below |
| Superior | higher |
| Inferior | lower |
| Lobe | major area of the brain |
| Gyrus | fold or ridge in the brain |
| Fissure | deep groove that separates lobes |
| Sulcus | shallow groove that separates gyri |
| Nucleus VS Ganglion | nucleus is a CNS cluster, ganglion is a PNS cluster |
| Cortical | cognitive area of the brain (conscious, deliberate, decision-making, problem solving) |
| Subcortical | basic urges & impulses area of brain (unconscious, automatic, urgent, impulsive, body regulation) |
| Delayed Gratification | the ability postpone and immediate gain in favor of a larger gain later in time |
| Ventral Tegmentuum | main area of the body responsible for dopamine related to pleasure |
| Substantia Nigra | makes dopamine & sends it to areas of the brain involved with movement |
| Nucleus Accumbens | helps form memories of positive and negative environmental stimuli |
| Insula | involved with conscious awareness and processing the body's sensation (gut feeling) |
| Anterior Cingulate Cortex | regulates emotions and monitors motivational conflicts |
| Orbitofrontal Cortex | helps us to process and store information about objects and events that may have reward value |
| Prefrontal Cortex | responsible for executive functioning |
| Executive Functioning | cognitive activity that controls impulses and plans actions |
| Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex | evaluates the unlearned emotional value of sensory stimuli (ex: pizza at a new restaurant) |
| Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex | evaluates the learned emotional value of stimuli (ex: chain restaurant) |
| Dehydration | when there is not enough water and other fluids for the body to carry out its normal functions |
| Thirst | aroused state due to low levels of water in the body |
| Osmometric Thirst | occurs when intracellular levels are too low |
| Volumetric Thirst | occurs when extracellular levels are too low |
| Set-Point | optimal level of energy resources that when not met results in feelings of hunger |
| Hunger | aroused state due to low levels of nutrients in the body |
| Cephalic Phase | the period that prepares for consumption and completes digestion |
| Absorptive Phase | the period that uses the energy absorbed into the bloodstream from the meal to meet the body’s current energy needs |
| Fasting Phase | period that takes energy from energy stores to meet current energy needs |
| Glucostatic Theory Of Eating | eating occurs when the blood sugar falls below set-point (shorter term) |
| The Lipsotatic Theory Of Eating | eating occurs when the body fat level falls below our set-point (longer term) |
| Positive-Incentive Theory | humans are drawn to eat by the anticipated pleasure of eating |
| Nutritive Density | calories per unit volume of the food |
| Sham Eating | when food is chewed and swallowed but it passes our of the bosy through an implanted tube |
| Recuperation Theories Of Sleep | being awake disrupts the homeostatist in the body in some way and sleep is required to restore it |
| Positive Valence | something that is viewed as desriable or something you want to gain |
| Negative Valence | something is viewed as undesirable or something you want to avoid |
| Achievement Goal | the specific outcome or standard a person is trying to achieve in a competence-related situation |
| Competence | a person's sense of being capable, successful, or effective at something |
| Mastery Goals | goals where you judge your competence based on yourself or the task |
| Performance Goals | goals where you judge your competence by comparing yourself to other people |
| 2x2 Achievement Goal Model | how do you define competence? are you approaching something positive or avoiding something negative? |
| Normative Comparison | judging your ability by comparing yourself with others |
| Self/Task-Referenced Comparison | judging your ability based on your own previous performance or the demands of the task |
| Antecedents | factors that come before a person's goal & help explain why the adopt it (ex: personality, past experiences, environment) |
| Misinformation Effect | when a person's memory changes after they are exposed to incorrect information |
| Memory Encoding | process of taking in & storing information in memory |
| Consolidation | the process by which memories become more stable over time, especially during sleep |
| Sleep-Dependent Memory Consolidation | the idea that sleep helps organize & strengthen memories |
| Recognition Test | memory test where people identify information they have seen before |
| Source Monitoring | determining where a memory came from |
| Why Avoidance Motivation Can Be Problematic | they require monitoring, create alertness, consume cognitive resources, create negative emotions, & can interfere with performance |
| What Can Be Done About Avoidance Motivation | reframe goal, focus on accomplishing, use approach-oriented language, recognize when avoidance is useful |
Created by:
age47
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