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Social Exam #1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| In Ross Et Al.'s Quiz Show, Contestants Thought That The Questioners Were... | smarter than them |
| In Ross Et Al.'s Quiz Show, Observers Thought That The Questioners Were... | smarter than the contestants |
| In Comparison To The Average Stanford Student, Contestants In Ross Et Al.'s Experiment Assumed The Questioners Were... | smarter than the average Stanford student |
| Correspondance Bias | tendency assume that behavior corresponds to character (this leads us to make internal attributions) |
| In Fiske & Taylor's Experiment, Observers Labeled The Primary Leader Of The Conversation As The Person Whom... | they were looking at |
| The Findings From Fiske & Taylor | people are going to perceive whoever they were looking at as the primary leader |
| Perceptual Salience | the quality of a specific stimulus that makes it stand out from its surroundings and grab our attention |
| 2 Step Process For Making Attributions | automatic internal attribution & controlled search for situational facts (often, we only use step1) |
| Self-Serving Bias | positive outcomes are internal (i got an A because i'm smart) and negative outcomes are external (i failed the test because it was impossible) |
| Self-Efficacy | your belief in your own ability to succeed at a specific task or handle a particular situation |
| Illusion Of Control | where people overestimate their ability to influence outcomes that are actually determined by chance or external factors |
| Individualist Cultures Are More Prone To... | fundamental attribution error, actor-observer biases, correspondence biases, self-serving attributions |
| Types Of Self- Serving Attributions | self-serving bias, self-efficacy, illusion of control |
| Collectivist Cultures Are Less Prone To... | fundamental attribution error, self-serving attributions (they are still subject to actor-observer and correspondence biases when situational info is missing) |
| Judgemental Overconfidence | overestimating the accuracy of our beliefs about others & ourselves |
| Implicit Personality Theory | the subconscious mental shortcut we use to assume that certain personality traits, behaviors, or physical features go together (may be inaccurate) |
| Even If It's Unintentional, We Treat People In Ways That Bring Forth... | what we expect |
| Belief In Just World | conclusion that bad things happen because people bring it on themselves, therefore they won’t happen to us because we wouldn’t bring that upon ourselves (defensive attribution) |
| Bias Blind Spot | believing that we are less subject to such biases/errors than others |
| Pronin Et Al. Discovery | people believe they are less subject to social biases than other people in general |
| Social Perception | the process by which we form impression of and make inferences about other people (constructive process influenced by schemas) |
| Constructive Processes | when our minds are constructing a model of objective social reality |
| Non-Verbal Behaviors | facial expressions, eye contact/gaze, extravocal cues, intentional gestures, body language |
| Facial Expressions | mostly automatic and can convey a lot about what's going on in our/another's mind |
| Eye Contact/Gaze | primary indicators of comfort with others |
| Extravocal Cues | now the words that are said, but HOW they are said (ex: volume, pitch, speed, inflection) |
| Body Language | can be controlled with effort, but usually we do them unconsciously |
| Six Basic Emotions | fear, anger, surprise, happiness, disgust, sadness |
| The Six Basic Emotions Are Called "Basic" Because... | that's how all cultures express and read emotion |
| Display Rules | when and to whom behaviors are expressed |
| Deception In Emotion | people can mask or exhibit emotions contrary to what they really feel |
| Decoding Emotions | being able to recognize emotions |
| Encoding | expressing your emotions accurately to others |
| Causal Attribution | inferring the causes of outcomes (behaviors, performance, etc.) |
| Heider's Dichotomy For People's Explanations | internal and external attributions |
| Internal Attributions | aka dispositional attributions, something related to the person (ex: they're always late) |
| External Attributions | aka situational attributions, something related to the situation (ex: the train was late) |
| Kelley's Covariation Model Shows How People Make... | internal and external attributions |
| Consensus | do other people act this way in the same situation? |
| Distinctiveness | does this person act this way in other situations? |
| Consistency | does this person act this way every time this situation happens? |
| 3 Dimensions Of Kelley’s Covariation Model | consistency, distinctiveness, consensus |
| High Consistency, High Distinctiveness, & High Consensus | external (situational) attribution |
| High Consistency, Low Distinctiveness, & Low Consensus | internal (dispositional) attribution |
| Low Consistency, Any Distinctiveness, & Any Consensus | external (situational) attribution |
| Fundamental Attribution Error | mistaken inference that a behavior or outcome is caused by a person's disposition, when in fact the cause is situational |
| Jones & Harris’ "Anti & Pro Castro Speechmakers" Conclusions | individuals systematically overestimate personal dispositions while underestimating situational constraints when judging others |
| Confirmation Bias | the human tendency to search for, favor, and recall information that supports one's existing beliefs while ignoring or discounting contrary evidence |
| Sampling Bias | happens when some members of a target population have a higher or lower chance of being chosen than others |
| Self-Fulfilling Prophecy | a prediction that comes true simply because you believe it will and change your behavior to make it happen |
| “The Unbearable Automaticity Of Being” - Politeness/Rudeness Results | priming subjects with the construct “politeness” made them less likely to interrupt the experimenter |
| “The Unbearable Automaticity Of Being" - Politeness/Rudeness Conclusions | nobody knew that the words they were exposed to affected their behavior (supraliminal priming) |
| “The Unbearable Automaticity Of Being” - Elderly Results | priming subjects with the social category “elderly” caused them to walk more slowly |
| “The Unbearable Automaticity Of Being” - Elderly Conclusions | the words activated the category of old people |
| Chameleon Effect | when people are having 1 on 1 interaction, they often mimic behavior (unconscious) |
| Heuristic | quick rule of thumb we follow to come up with a judgement, reasonable estimate, answer, etc. (kind of schema) |
| Availability Heuristic | judgement of likelihood based on how easily examples are called to mind (ex: school shooting vs lightning) |
| Representativeness Heuristic | judgment of likelihood based on how closely a particular instance matches “typical” case (ex: truck driver vs professor) |
| Anchoring & Adjustment Heuristic | judgement influenced by an arbitrary, unrelated value used as an “anchor” from which insufficient adjustment is made (ex: snow in Buffalo) |
| Controlled Social Cognition Requires... | motivation & resource availability |
| Though Suppression | when people make a effort to get rid of the thought, the thought becomes more available (paradox/ironic rebound effect) |
| Thought Supression Processing | monitoring processing (automatic) & operating processing (controlled) |
| Counterfactual Thinking | the human tendency to mentally create possible alternatives to life events that have already occurred |
| Upward Counterfactuals | a mental process where you imagine how a past situation could have turned out better |
| Downward Counterfactuals | a mental process where you imagine how a past event could have turned out much worse than it actually did |
| People Who Narrowly Miss Out On A Desired Prize Engage In More... | upward counterfactuals (ex: silver winners) |
| People Who Narrowly Avoid Something Bad Engage In More... | downward counterfactuals (ex: bronze winners) |
| Dijksterhuis' Apartment Study Results | immediate choice: 35% picked correct // conscious choice: 45% picked correct // unconscious choice: 60% picked correct |
| Dijksterhuis' Apartment Study Conclusions | , showing that distracting people after presenting them with complex information leads to better decisions than conscious deliberation |
| Why Humans Are "Cognitive Misers" | our cognitive resources (working memory & attention) are limited in capacity |
| Why Humans Are "Satisficers" | we spend only the amount of resources necessary to reach our goal |
| Why Humans Are "Users Of Limited Resource Capacity" | we are confronted by often impoverished information, and are subject to a plethora of biases |
| Why Humans Are "Meaning Makers" | our minds can see order in places where there is no order |
| Automatic Social Cognition - Non-Conscious | occur outside of conscious awareness, we aren’t aware of it |
| Automatic Social Cognition - Unintentional | we do not start, control, or turn them off // they kick off from stimuli in the environment |
| Automatic Social Cognition - Involuntary | we can’t voluntarily turn them on/off (like a thermometer) |
| Automatic Social Cognitions | fast mental processes that don't require working memory or attention, and allow us to make judgements and react quickly |
| Controlled Social Cognition - Conscious | we are aware of what’s going on in our mind |
| Controlled Social Cognition - Intentional | intentional, yet sometimes it's hard to control them |
| Controlled Social Cognitions | effortful and slower mental processes that are voluntary to an extent |
| Construals | the lenses through which we view social reality that control how we treat other people, and know what we expect from them |
| Schema-Guided Memory Reconstruction | when people are asked to remember things, they are remembering what they think was likely to happen, not necessarily what actually happened |
| Schema-Guided Construals - New Broadcast Results | each group determined that the broadcasts against their views were biased |
| Schemas Direct Attention | attention is a highly selective process, and we don't process what we're not looking for |
| Chronic Schema Accessibility | schemas so often activated that they are “always” available, and affect rapidly-made decisions |
| "Schema Accessibility" Shooting Game Results | when the suspect was white, there was an equal amount of shots & mistakes // when the suspect was black, there was more shots fired and less misses |
| Temporary Accessible Schema | some schemas we rarely use (ex: job interview behaviors) |
| Supraliminal | above the limit of conscious awareness, can be recognized |
| Subliminal | below the limit of conscious awareness, can't be recognized |
| Subliminal Priming - Neutral/Hostile Study Results | participants subliminally primed with hostility-related words rated an ambiguous target person significantly more negatively than those in the neutral control condition |
| Supraliminal Priming - Positive/Negative Study Results | subjects who memorized + words perceived Donald as positive, while subjects who memorize - words perceived Donald as negative |
| Schema Characteristics | automatic, operates outside conscious awareness, may be wrong tue to illusory correlation |
| Tversky's "Myth Of The Hot Hand" | if a player made a shot, the probability of them making the next shot was less than 50%, despite the idea of a "hot hand" |
| Schema Perserverance | schema’s relatively resistant to disconfirmatory evidence (perseverance effect) |
| Social Psychology Definition | study of the way in which people's thoughts, feelings, and actions are influenced by the real or imagined presence of other people |
| Affect Definition | feelings/emotions |
| Social Behavior Is Largely Automatic | :) |
| If We Believe Something Is Real... | it becomes real for us |
| Power Of The Situation | social context, what's going on around us |
| People Tend To Focus More On Individual Traits Rather Than... | social context |
| Social Reality Is Subjective, Meaning... | what we perceive as reality is a model our minds build |
| Social Psychology As A Scientific Discipline | we rely on the data from our rigorously controlled studies to control what we believe is true |
| Common Sense Gives Us Conflicting Predictions, Therefore It Is Prone To... | error and bias |
| Hindsight Bias | the "i knew it all along" phenomenon |
| Ross & Samuels' "Community" VS "Wall Street" Results | subjects who were told the game was called "community" played more cooperatively than subjects who were told the game was called "wall street" |
| Ross & Samuels' "Community" VS "Wall Street" Conclusions | sometimes situational elements can override personality traits |
| Idiosyncractic | people's construence of the exact same evidence can be different |
| 4 Primary Motives Of Construals | to be accurate, to feel good about ourselves, to achieve acceptance & approval of others, to reduce uncertainty & enhance perceptions of control |
| If You Believe Something About Yourself, You Will Do Things That... | make that said thing true |
| Rosenthal & Jacobsen Classroom Study Results | "bloomers" exhibited a 4pt higher increase in IQ than "non-bloomers" |
| Student Who Were "Non-Bloomers" But Had An Increase In IQ Were... | less liked by teachers |
| Rosenthal & Jacobsen Classroom Study Conclusions | teacher expectations directly influence student academic performance, creating a self-fulfilling prophecy known as the Pygmalion effect |
| Snyder, Tanke, & Berscheid Picture Study Results | the men reported the attractive women to have better traits // independent judges rated the women more likeable when they talked to the man given the attractive photo |
| Science | categorized by rules & standards for collecting data |
| Theory | coherent set of related principles that explains observed phenomena |
| Hypothesis | specific, falsifiable prediction derived from theory |
| Measurement | conceptual & operational definitions of variables |
| Reliability | repeatability in measurement (if you’re measuring the same thing, it should have the same result each time you measure) |
| Validity | how accurate the measurement is |
| Internal Validity | random assignment + control of extraneous variables |
| External Validity | representative sample + psychological realism |
| Statistical Significance | probability of the effect is due to chance is really really low |
| Practical Significance | difference in outcome is large enough to make a meaningful difference |
| Non-Experimental Research | seeing whether there’s an association between two variables |
| Correlation Coefficient | tells us how accurate we can be (-1 to 1) |
| Advantages Of Non-Experimental Research | no manipulation or control of variables requires // real life data // avoid ethical and practical limitations that occur in experiments |
| Limitations Of Non-Experimental Research | can't manipulate or control variables // no causal conclusions can be drawn |
| Directionality Problem | which variable is the cause? which variable is the effect? |
| 3rd Variable Problem | variables may exist outside of the cause and effect |
| IRB | neutral people that evaluate the study and make sure it’s ethical |
| Jones & Harris’ "Anti & Pro Castro Speechmakers" Results | even when informed that a writer's stance on a controversial topic was assigned rather than freely chosen, participants consistently concluded that the text reflected the writer's genuine internal beliefs |
Created by:
age47
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