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Ap Psy U 2.2
Vocab
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Concepts | Mental categories or groups used to organize objects, events, or ideas based on shared characteristics. |
| Prototypes | The most typical or best example of a concept that comes to mind. |
| Heuristic | Enabling a person to discover or learn something for themselves. |
| Representative Heuristic | A shortcut in which you compare something to see how much it fits a prototype. |
| Availability Heuristic | Basing our judgement regarding the likelihood of an event on how readily information comes to our mind. |
| Anchoring Heuristic | When we start with some initial estimate or “anchor” that we in turn may use to influence our estimate. |
| Conjunction Fallacy | The belief that two events are more likely to occur than just a single event. |
| Gambler's Fallacy | Belief that random events are influenced by previous outcomes, leading to the expectation that a particular outcome is "due" after a series of contrary results. |
| Sunk-Cost Fallacy | Involves the tendency to continue investing time, money, or effort into a project or decision because of the resources already committed, even when it is no longer rational to do so. |
| Divergent Thinking | Key component of creativity, involving the exploration of multiple possible solutions or perspectives, rather than converging on a single "correct" answer. |
| Convergent Thinking | A type of thinking that focuses on finding a single, correct solution to a problem by narrowing down options. |
| Functional Fixedness | Cognitive barrier to creativity, in which an individual becomes fixated on the typical use of an object, hindering their ability to see alternative applications. |
| Insight | A sudden realization of a problem’s solution. Contrasts with strategy-based solutions. |
| Intuition | An effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought. Contrasts with explicit/conscious reasoning. |
| Deductive Reasoning | Generalizations used to connect or lead to specific instances. |
| Inductive Reasoning | Specific instances are used to draw conclusions about general rules. |
| Compensatory Decision | A decision-making process where the positive attributes of an option can compensate for its negative attributes. Involves rationally weighing out choices, used in high-stakes decisions. |
| Non-Compensatory Decision | A decision-making process where negative attributes cannot be offset by positive ones. Involves irrational thinking and is typical of low-stakes decisions. |
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